Hiragana
Hiragana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana, kanji and in some cases rōmaji. It is a phonetic lettering system. The word hiragana literally means "ordinary" or "simple" kana.
Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems. With one or two minor exceptions, each syllable in the Japanese language is represented by one character in each system. This may be either a vowel such as "a" ; a consonant followed by a vowel such as "ka" or "n", a nasal sonorant which, depending on the context, sounds either like English m, n or ng when syllable-final or like the nasal vowels of French, Portuguese or Galician. Because the characters of the kana do not represent single consonants, the kana are referred to as syllabic symbols and not alphabetic letters.
Hiragana is used to write okurigana, various grammatical and function words including particles, as well as miscellaneous other native words for which there are no kanji or whose kanji form is obscure or too formal for the writing purpose. Words that do have common kanji renditions may also sometimes be written instead in hiragana, according to an individual author's preference, for example to impart an informal feel. Hiragana is also used to write furigana, a reading aid that shows the pronunciation of kanji characters.
There are two main systems of ordering hiragana: the old-fashioned iroha ordering and the more prevalent gojūon ordering.
Writing system
The modern hiragana syllabary consists of 46 base characters:- 5 singular vowels
- 40 consonant–vowel unions
- 1 singular consonant
Romanization of the kana does not always strictly follow the consonant-vowel scheme laid out in the table. For example, ち, nominally ti, is very often romanised as chi in an attempt to better represent the actual sound in Japanese.
These basic characters can be modified in various ways. By adding a dakuten marker, a voiceless consonant is turned into a voiced consonant: k→g, ts/s→z, t→d, h→b and ch/sh→j. For example, か becomes が. Hiragana beginning with an h sound can also add a handakuten marker changing the h to a p. For example, は becomes ぱ.
A small version of the hiragana for ya, yu, or yo may be added to hiragana ending in i. This changes the i vowel sound to a glide to a, u or o. For example, き plus ゃ becomes . Addition of the small y kana is called yōon.
A small tsu っ, called a sokuon, indicates that the following consonant is geminated. In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare, saka, "hill" with, sakka, "author". The sokuon also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop, as in . However, it cannot be used to double the na, ni, nu, ne, no syllables' consonants – to double these, the singular n is added in front of the syllable, as in みんな.
Hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana; for example, おかあさん. The chōonpu used in katakana is rarely used with hiragana, for example in the word, rāmen, but this usage is considered non-standard in Japanese; the Okinawan language uses chōonpu with hiragana. In informal writing, small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds. Standard and voiced iteration marks are written in hiragana as ゝ and ゞ respectively.
Table of hiragana
The following table shows the complete hiragana together with the Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription in the gojūon order. Hiragana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them, with the yōon kana following. Obsolete and normally unused kana are shown in brackets and. Those in bold do not use the initial sound for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables, for mid-word pronunciations see below.Spelling–phonology correspondence
In the middle of words, the g sound may turn into a velar nasal or velar fricative. An exception to this is numerals; 15 jūgo is considered to be one word, but is pronounced as if it was jū and go stacked end to end:.In many accents, the j and z sounds are pronounced as affricates at the beginning of utterances and fricatives in the middle of words. For example, sūji 'number', zasshi 'magazine'.
In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the kwa and gwa digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage and only exist in the extended katakana digraphs for approximating foreign language words.
The singular n is pronounced before t, ch, ts, n, r, z, j and d, before m, b and p, before k and g, at the end of utterances, and some kind of high nasal vowel before vowels, palatal approximants, fricative consonants s, sh, h, f and w.
In kanji readings, the diphthongs ou and ei are today usually pronounced and respectively. For example, is pronounced 'Tokyo', and sensei is 'teacher'. However, tou is pronounced 'to inquire', because the o and u are considered distinct, u being the verb ending in the dictionary form. Similarly, shite iru is pronounced 'is doing'.
For a more thorough discussion on the sounds of Japanese, please refer to Japanese phonology.
Obsolete Kana
Ye
An early, now obsolete, hiragana-esque form of ye may have existed in pre-Classical Japanese, but is generally represented for purposes of reconstruction by the kanji 江, and its hiragana form is not present in any known orthography. In modern orthography, ye can also be written as いぇ.It is true that in early periods of kana, hiragana and katakana letters for "ye" were used, but soon after the distinction between /ye/ and /e/ went away, and letters and glyphs were not established.
Yi
Though ye did appear in some textbooks during the Meiji period along with another kana for yi in the form of cursive 以. Today it is considered a Hentaigana by scholars and is encoded in Unicode 10.Wu
Hiragana wu also appeared in different Meiji-era textbooks. Although there are several possible source kanji, it is likely to have been derived from a cursive form of the man'yōgana 汙, although a related variant sometimes listed is from a cursive form of 紆.It was never commonly used.
Spelling rules
With a few exceptions for sentence particles は, を, and へ, and a few other arbitrary rules, Japanese, when written in kana, is phonemically orthographic, i.e. there is a one-to-one correspondence between kana characters and sounds, leaving only words' pitch accent unrepresented. This has not always been the case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as historical kana usage, differed substantially from pronunciation; the three above-mentioned exceptions in modern usage are the legacy of that system.There are two hiragana pronounced ji and two hiragana pronounced zu, but to distinguish them, particularly when typing Japanese, sometimes ぢ is written as di and づ is written as du. These pairs are not interchangeable. Usually, ji is written as じ and zu is written as ず. There are some exceptions. If the first two syllables of a word consist of one syllable without a dakuten and the same syllable with a dakuten, the same hiragana is used to write the sounds. For example, chijimeru is spelled ちぢめる and tsuzuku is. For compound words where the dakuten reflects rendaku voicing, the original hiragana is used. For example, chi is spelled ち in plain hiragana. When 鼻 hana and 血 chi combine to make hanaji, the sound of 血 changes from chi to ji. So hanaji is spelled according to ち: the basic hiragana used to transcribe 血. Similarly, tsukau is spelled in hiragana, so kanazukai is spelled in hiragana.
However, this does not apply when kanji are used phonetically to write words that do not relate directly to the meaning of the kanji. The Japanese word for 'lightning', for example, is inazuma. The 稲 component means 'rice plant', is written in hiragana and is pronounced: ina. The 妻 component means 'wife' and is pronounced tsuma when written in isolation—or frequently as zuma when it features after another syllable. Neither of these components have anything to do with 'lightning', but together they do when they compose the word for 'lightning'. In this case, the default spelling in hiragana rather than is used.
Officially, ぢ and づ do not occur word-initially pursuant to modern spelling rules. There were words such as jiban 'ground' in the historical kana usage, but they were unified under じ in the modern kana usage in 1946, so today it is spelled exclusively. However, zura 'wig' and zuke are examples of word-initial づ today. Some people write the word for hemorrhoids as ぢ for emphasis.
No standard Japanese words begin with the kana ん. This is the basis of the word game shiritori. ん n is normally treated as its own syllable and is separate from the other n-based kana. A notable exception to this is the colloquial negative verb conjugation; for example wakaranai meaning " don't understand" is rendered as wakaran. It is however not a contraction of the former, but instead comes from the classic negative verb conjugation ぬ nu.
ん is sometimes directly followed by a vowel or a palatal approximant. These are clearly distinct from the na, ni etc. syllables, and there are minimal pairs such as kin'en 'smoking forbidden', kinen 'commemoration', kinnen 'recent years'. In Hepburn romanization, they are distinguished with an apostrophe, but not all romanization methods make the distinction. For example, past prime minister Junichiro Koizumi's first name is actually Jun'ichirō pronounced
There are a few hiragana that are rarely used. ゐ wi and ゑ we are obsolete outside of Okinawan orthography. ? e was an alternate version of え e before spelling reform, and was briefly reused for ye during initial spelling reforms, but is now completely obsolete. ゔ vu is a modern addition used to represent the /v/ sound in foreign languages such as English, but since Japanese from a phonological standpoint does not have a /v/ sound, it is pronounced as /b/ and mostly serves as a more accurate indicator of a word's pronunciation in its original language. However, it is rarely seen because loanwords and transliterated words are usually written in katakana, where the corresponding character would be written as ヴ.,, for ja/ju/jo are theoretically possible in rendaku, but are practically never used. For example, 'throughout Japan' could be written, but is practically always
The myu kana is extremely rare in originally Japanese words; linguist Haruhiko Kindaichi raises the example of the Japanese family name Omamyūda and claims it is the only occurrence amongst pure Japanese words. Its katakana counterpart is used in many loanwords, however.
History
Hiragana developed from man'yōgana, Chinese characters used for their pronunciations, a practice that started in the 5th century. The oldest examples of Man'yōgana include the Inariyama Sword, an iron sword excavated at the Inariyama Kofun in 1968. This sword is thought to be made in the year .The forms of the hiragana originate from the cursive script style of Chinese calligraphy. The figure below shows the derivation of hiragana from manyōgana via cursive script. The upper part shows the character in the regular script form, the center character in red shows the cursive script form of the character, and the bottom shows the equivalent hiragana. The cursive script forms are not strictly confined to those in the illustration.
When it was first developed, hiragana was not accepted by everyone. The educated or elites preferred to use only the kanji system. Historically, in Japan, the regular script form of the characters was used by men and called otokode, "men's writing", while the cursive script form of the kanji was used by women. Hence hiragana first gained popularity among women, who were generally not allowed access to the same levels of education as men. And thus hiragana was first widely used among court women in the writing of personal communications and literature. From this comes the alternative name of onnade "women's writing". For example, The Tale of Genji and other early novels by female authors used hiragana extensively or exclusively. Even today, hiragana is felt to have a feminine quality.
Male authors came to write literature using hiragana. Hiragana was used for unofficial writing such as personal letters, while katakana and Chinese were used for official documents. In modern times, the usage of hiragana has become mixed with katakana writing. Katakana is now relegated to special uses such as recently borrowed words, names in transliteration, the names of animals, in telegrams, and for emphasis.
Originally, for all syllables there was more than one possible hiragana. In 1900, the system was simplified so each syllable had only one hiragana. The deprecated hiragana are now known as hentaigana.
The pangram poem Iroha-uta, which dates to the 10th century, uses every hiragana once.
Stroke order and direction
The following table shows the method for writing each hiragana character. It is arranged in the traditional way, beginning top right and reading columns down. The numbers and arrows indicate the stroke order and direction respectively.Unicode
Hiragana was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.The Unicode block for Hiragana is U+3040-U+309F:
The Unicode hiragana block contains precomposed characters for all hiragana in the modern set, including small vowels and yōon kana for compound syllables, plus the archaic ゐ wi and ゑ we and the rare ゔ vu; the archaic ? ye is included in plane 1 at U+1B001. All combinations of hiragana with dakuten and handakuten used in modern Japanese are available as precomposed characters, and can also be produced by using a base hiragana followed by the combining dakuten and handakuten characters. This method is used to add the diacritics to kana that are not normally used with them, for example applying the dakuten to a pure vowel or the handakuten to a kana not in the h-group.
Characters U+3095 and U+3096 are small か and small け, respectively. U+309F is a ligature of より occasionally used in vertical text. U+309B and U+309C are spacing equivalents to the combining dakuten and handakuten characters, respectively.
Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were first added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0, with significantly more added in 2017 as part of Unicode 10.
The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000-U+1B0FF, and is immediately followed by the Kana Extended-A block. These blocks include mainly hentaigana :
The Unicode block for Small Kana Extension is U+1B130-U+1B16F:
In the following character sequences a kana from the /k/ row is modified by a handakuten combining mark to indicate that a syllable starts with an initial nasal, known as bidakuon. As of Unicode 13.0, these character combinations are explicitly called out as Named Sequences: