Haplogroup O-M122


In human population genetics, haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Haplogroup O-M122 （also known as Haplogroup O2 ）is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.
This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175.

Origins

Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies. In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia. This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.
It was also part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.

Distribution

Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with Chinese people, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.
PopulationFrequencynSourceSNPs
Derung1
Naga
1.00015Page23=15
Nishi0.94
Adi0.89
Tamang0.86745M134
Nu0.86
Yao 0.82935M7=18
M117=5
M122=4
M134=2
Achang0.825
Apatani0.82
Bai0.82
CHS
0.78852M122=41
Naga 0.76534M134=26
Ava 0.75929M122
Han Chinese0.74
She0.73534M7=10
M122=7
M117=6
M134=2
Nu0.7
Miao0.7
Shui0.7
Han 0.65735M122=10
M134=8
M117=5
Lisu0.65
Zaomin 0.64937M122
She0.63
Filipinos0.62
Taiwan Han0.61921M122
Philippines0.60728M122
Han 0.593167M122
Garo0.59
Chin
0.57919Page23=10
M122=1
Han 0.566129M122
Toba 0.55338P201
Northern Han0.55149M122
Garo0.55
Tujia0.54
Tujia0.53
Han 0.52934M122=8
M134=5
M117=5
Han 0.52442M122=22
Han 0.51435M122=10
M117=4
M7=2
M159=1
M134=1
CHB
0.50046F444=8
M117=7
JST002611=5
KL2=2
M188=1
Han 0.49265M122
Va0.48
Bai0.48
KHV
0.47846M7=6
M133=4
F444=4
JST002611=4
KL2=2
N6>F4124=1
CTS1754=1
Koreans0.472216
Lisu0.47
Hani0.47
Han 0.46932M122=10
M7=2
M117=2
M134=1
Bai 0.4650M122
Hezhe 0.44445M122=11
M134=2
M117=7
Koreans0.443506P201=146
M324=76
M122=2
Tibetans
0.44050M122
Miao0.44
Yi0.44
Lahu0.43
Bit 0.42928M122
Manchu 0.426101M122=43
Koreans 0.422573M122
Koreans 0.414133M122
Hmong Daw 0.41251M122
Vietnamese0.41
Dai0.4
Dungan 0.4040M122
Tibetans0.40035M117=13
M134=1
Koreans 0.40025M122=6
M117=4
Shan
0.40020M117=7
M7=1
Thai 0.395129F8/F42*=17
M7=11
JST002611=10
F474/F317=4
F323/F46=4
M159=2
F2055/CTS445=1
F2137=1
F837=1
Koreans 0.39543M122=7
M134=5
M117=5
Vietnamese0.39
Khon Mueang
0.390205O-M117=46
O-M7=17
O-M324=16
O-M122=1
Mon
0.38918M117=4
M324=3
Blang 0.38552M122
Northern Thai people
0.38486F8/F42=24
M7=7
JST002611=1
F999/F717=1
Manchu0.38
Philippine
0.38050M122
Hanoi, Vietnam0.37524M7=3
M134=3
M133=1
JST002611=1
M159=1
Manchu0.37135M122=6
M117=5
M134=2
Han 0.36730M122=6
M117=3
M134=2
Lahu0.36
Qiang0.36433M134=4
M117=3
M122=3
M7=2
Bamar 0.36172Page23=26
Borneo, Indonesia0.36086M122
Korean0.35645M122
Pahng 0.35531M122
Philippines0.35448M122
Western Yugur0.35
Thai
0.35334
M122
Tai Yong
0.34626M324=4
M117=3
M7=2
Tharu0.345171M134
Kinh 0.34276M122
Koreans 0.34185M122=29
Tibet0.340156M122
Yao 0.34335M7=12
Kazakhs 0.33789M134
Tai Yuan
0.32985M117=15
M7=5
M122=5
M134=3
Dai
0.32752O-M133=13
O-M7=2
O-F444=1
O-JST002611=1
Polynesians0.325
Tibetans0.32
Khasi0.32
Lao
0.3225M122
Eastern Yugur0.31
Malays0.31
Buyei0.31435M7=6
M134=3
M117=1
M122=1
Mongolian 0.311
Filipinos0.308146P164=26
JST002611=7
M7=3
M133=3
M134=2
P201=2
M159=1
M324=1
Han 0.3
Salar0.30243M122
Dong0.30020M134=3
M122=3
Thailand0.29375M133=10
M7=5
M134=3
JST002611=2
P164=1
M122=1
Koreans 0.29179M122=23
Khasi0.29
Zhuang0.29
Inner Mongolian0.28945M122=5
M117=5
M134=3
Tai Lue
0.28691O-M117=16
O-M7=6
O-M324=3
O-M122=1
Zhuang0.28628M134=7
M122=1
Laotian
0.27540F8/F42=6
M7=2
M188=2
P164=1
Bonan0.27344M122
Sibe0.26841M134=5
M122=4
M117=2
Micronesia0.27
Mon 0.267105F8/F42=15
M7=4
F323/F46=4
JST002611=3
F2859=1
M122=1
Daur0.25639M122=7
M117=3
Polynesians0.25
Bunu 0.2536M122
Malay
0.2512M122
Zhuang 0.247166M122=23
M117=9
M134=7
M121=2
Japanese 0.240104M122
Dongxiang0.24
Manchurian Evenks0.24
Thai 0.23517M122
Japanese0.23447M117=8
M134=2
M122=1
Mosuo 0.23447M122
Evenks 0.23126M117=4
M134=1
M122=1
Mongolia
0.228149M134=24
M122=10
Zhuang
0.22263M117=5
M122=4
M188=3
M134=2
Lawa
0.22050M324=6
M117=5
Mal 0.22050M122
Cambodian 0.216125M122
Japanese 0.21470M122
Newar0.21266M117
Lao Isan0.21062M7=6
F8=4
JST002611=3
Blang0.21
Okinawans0.21
Tai Khün
0.20824M117=4
M134=1
Kathmandu, Nepal0.20877M324
Sui0.20050M134=10
Yi 0.2050M122
Japanese 0.19761M122
Khmu 0.19651M122
Dongxiang0.19646M122
Oroqen0.19431M122=2
M7=2
M134=1
M117=1
Khalkh 0.18885M122=16
Hani0.17634M134=3
M117=2
M122=1
Micronesia0.18
Japanese 0.17956M122
Hui0.17135M122=4
M134=1
M117=1
Kalmyk 0.17182M122=14
Japanese0.167263M122
Mandar 0.16754M122
Japanese 0.162117M122=19
Thai0.16
Zhuang0.16
Aheu 0.15838M122
Bugan 0.15632M122
Okinawans0.15645M122=6
M134=1
Uygur 0.15439M122=2
M134=2
M117=2
Japanese 0.15426M122
Cambodia0.14
Cham
0.13659M122
Java
0.13161M122
Aboriginal Taiwanese0.126223M122
Uighur 0.12241M122
Uzbek 0.12158M122
Ulchi0.11552O-M122=6
Karakalpak 0.11444M122
Utsat 0.11172M117=3
M122=3
M159=2
Outer Mongolian0.10865M122=3
M117=3
M134=1
Bo 0.10728M122
Tibetans0.1
Maluku Islands0.130M122
Kazakh 0.09354M122
Bouyei0.08945M122=2
M7=1
M134=1
Pumi 0.08547M122
Zakhchin 0.08360M122=5
Mongols0.08324M122
Balinese 0.073641M122
Japanese0.06859P198
Uriankhai 0.06760M122=4
Sinte 0.06715M122
Uygur 0.06531M134=1
M117=1
Iranian 0.06316M122
Kalmyk 0.061165M122=10
Flores0.046394M122
Buryat0.040298M324=5
M134=4
M117=3
Buyei0.04
Kalmyk 0.033150M122=5
Kazakhs 0.03330M134
Munda
0.03294M134=3
Burusho0.03197M122
Li0.02934M134=1
Sumba0.029350M122
Khoton 0.02540M122=1
Naxi 0.02540M134
Rajbanshi
0.02245M134=1
Pathan0.01096M122
Pakistan0.005638M122

Haplogroup O1a-M119, one near outgroup of haplogroup O2-M122, displays a geographical distribution similar to that of O2-M122, being found among nearly all populations of East and Southeast Asia, but generally at a frequency much lower than that of Haplogroup O2-M122. The other near outgroup, Haplogroup O1b-M286, has an impressive extent of dispersal, as it has been found among the males of populations as widely separated as the Austroasiatic peoples of India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, the Nicobarese of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean, Koreans, Japanese and Han Chinese, but all these disjunct populations in Southeast Asia, Austroasiatic languages populations, Japanese, Koreans and Chinese belongs to certain downstream branches.

East Asia

Haplogroup O-M122 is found in over 50% of all modern Han Chinese males, about 40% of Manchu, Korean, and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% to 62% of Filipino males, about 10.5% to 55.6% of Malaysian males, about 10% to 45% of Tibetan males, about 20% to 44% and of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang and Indonesian males, and about 16% and to 20% of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia but also as high as 31.1%, 12% of Uyghurs, 9% of Kazakhs but in the Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%, 6.8% of Kalmyks, 6.2% of Altaians, 5.3% of Kyrgyz, 4.1% of Uzbeks, and 4.0% of Buryats.
The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.

South Asia

Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of Northeast India where it is found at very high frequencies. In Arunachal Pradesh, it is found at 89% among Adi, 82% among Apatani, and 94% among Nishi, while the Naga people show it at 76%. In Meghalaya, 59.2% of a sample of Garos and 31.7% of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122. In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122, while much lower percentages of Newar and the general population of Kathmandu belong to this haplogroup. A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% of a sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal. In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District, one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India, and one individual in a sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India.

Southeast Asia

Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from a common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans, however, despite the fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3, which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia.
Haplogroup O-M122 has been of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. It appears at moderately high frequencies in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia. O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% to 27.4% of Micronesians, and 5% of Melanesians, albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.
Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non-Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and the presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.

Subclade Distribution

Paragroup O-M122*

Paragroup O2*-M122 Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia, 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia, and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia. In the same study, O2*-M122 Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania .
A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122 Y-DNA in 1.6% of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese. O2*-M122 Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% Yao from Guangxi.
O2*-M122 Y-DNA has been found as a singleton in a sample from Tibet. It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar.
In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122 Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% Beijing Han, 3.1% Filipino, 2.1% Vietnamese, 1.7% Yunnan Han, 0.4% Korean.
In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122 Y-DNA in 3.0% of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China and in 1.5% of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China.
In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122 Y-DNA was found in 12% of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam, Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam, or Thai from northern Thailand.
Trejaut et al. found O2-M122 in 6/40 Siraya in Kaohsiung, 1/17 Sulawesi, 1/25 Paiwan, 2/55 Fujian Han, 1/30 Ketagalan, 2/60 Taiwan Minnan, 1/34 Taiwan Hakka, 1/38 Siraya in Hwalien, 5/258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 in a sample of the general population of Thailand.
Brunelli et al. found O2-M122 in 5/66 Tai Yuan, 1/91 Tai Lue, and 1/205 Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand.

O-M324

O-M121
O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% of a sample from China.
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia, O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong.
In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China.
O-L599 also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China.
O-M164
O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia, O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% of a sample of Cambodians.
O-JST002611
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% of a sample of Japanese. It also has been found in 3.5% of the JPT sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*. Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao, 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han, 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia . O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines, but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia, Taiwanese Aboriginals, She from China, Yao from China, Oceania, eastern Indonesia, or western Indonesia . Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different
ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Sichuan of southwestern China, Jilin of northeastern China, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu of northwestern China. Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea.

O-P201

O2a2-JST021354/P201 is a subclade of O2a that includes the most common types of O2-M122 Y-DNA. This clade includes the major subclades O2a2b1-M134 and O2a2a1a2-M7, which exhibit expansive distributions centered on China, as well as an assortment of Y-chromosomes that have not yet been assigned to any subclade.
O2a2-P201 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian-speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra, Tongans, and Filipinos. Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201 Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia, Han Chinese, Japanese, Miao, and Vietnam .

O-M159

O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% of a sample from China.
Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% of a sample of Han males from Meixian, Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia.
In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China or Northern China.
Trejaut et al. found O-M159 in 5.0% Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% Han in Fujian, 3.24% Plains Aborigines in Taiwan, 1.04% Western Indonesia, and 0.68% Philippines.
Kutanan et al. found O-M159 in 1.6% of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand.

O-M7

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages, Katuic languages, or Bahnaric languages, scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam.
O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages, such as She, Miao, and Yao.
Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic and Bahnaric peoples from southern Laos. Among the sampled Katuic peoples, the speakers of West Katuic, such as the So and the Suy, have lower frequencies of O-M7 than the Katu proper and the speakers of the Ta'Oi dialect chain. However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos, Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos, Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan, and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi.
Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago, but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east and west. O-M7 has been found in 5.1% of a sample of the Austronesian-speaking Cham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam.
In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen, Tujia from Hunan, Qiang, and Han Chinese.

O-M134

O-M134*
Paragroup O-M134 has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China. However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi. This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.
The general outline of the distribution of O-M134 among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134 occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117. This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117. In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese.
O-M117
is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples.
O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang ，Tibetans, Tharus, Han Taiwanese, Newars, the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal, Han Chinese, Tungusic peoples from the PRC, Koreans, Mongols, and Uyghurs .
Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples, She, and Hmongic peoples .
In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 was found with high frequency in a sample of Japanese of undescribed geographical origin. However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup was found with much lower frequency in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan.
In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes.

O-M300

O-M333

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

Y-DNA O Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

Citations