Haplogroup O-M119


In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.

Origins

The Haplogroup O-M119 branch is believed to have evolved during the Late Pleistocene in China mainland.

Paleolithic migrations

A 2010 study by Karafet suggests haplogroup O-M119 was part of a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shaped the primary structure of current Y-Chromosome diversity of Maritime Southeast Asia. Neolithic incursions made only a minor impact on the paternal gene pool, despite the large cultural impact of the Austronesian expansion. Approximately 5000 BCE, Haplogroup O-M119 coalesced at Sundaland and migrated northwards to as far as Taiwan, where O-M50 constitutes some 90% of the Aboriginal Y-DNA, being the main haplogroup that can be directly linked to the Austronesian expansion in phase 3.

Taiwan homeland

A study by Li in 2008 concluded that in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. According to their results, lineages within Maritime Southeast Asia did not originate from Taiwanese aborigines as linguistic studies suggest. Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians were likely to have been derived from the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations based on their paternal lineages, and thereafter evolved independently of each other.
The strongest positive correlation between Haplogroup O-M119 and ethno-linguistic affiliation is that which is observed between this haplogroup and the Austronesians. The peak frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 is found among the aborigines of Taiwan, precisely the region from which linguists have hypothesized that the Austronesian language family originated. A slightly weaker correlation is observed between Haplogroup O-M119 and the Han Chinese populations of southern China, as well as between this haplogroup and the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations of southern China and Southeast Asia. The distribution of Tai–Kadai languages in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of China has long been believed, for reasons of traditional linguistic geography, to reflect a recent invasion of Southeast Asia by Tai–Kadai-speaking populations originating from southeastern China, and the somewhat elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Tai–Kadai populations, coupled with a high frequency of Haplogroup O-M95, which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature of the Tai–Kadai peoples' affinity with populations of southeastern China has been weakened due to extensive assimilation of the earlier Austroasiatic residents of the lands which the Tai–Kadai peoples invaded. Also, it has been noted that Haplogroup O-M119 lineages among populations of continental Southeast Asia outside of China display a reduced level of diversity when compared with populations of South China and insular Southeast Asia, which may be evidence of a bottleneck associated with the westward migration and settlement of ancestral Tai–Kadai-speaking populations in Indochina.

Distribution

Haplogroup O-M119 lineages are found primarily in Southeast Asian populations of Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, southern China and Taiwan. High frequencies of this haplogroup have been found in populations spread in an arc through southeastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It has been found with generally lower frequency in samples from Oceania, mainland Southeast Asia, Southwest China, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan, North Asia, and Central Asia.
PopulationPercentageCountSourceSNPs
Nias100.0%60P203=52
M110=8
Nias99.8%407M119
Taiwanese aborigines89.6%48P203=34
M110=9
Mentawai86.5%74M119=42
P203=21
M110=1
Aboriginal Taiwanese83.4%223M119
Taiwan 78.0%41M119=18
M110=14
Taiwan 71.8%39M119=15
M50=13
Taiwan 68.9%74M119
Atayal62.5%24M119=13
M50/M110/M103=2
Utsat 61.1%72M119=44
Gelao60.0%30M119=18
Gelong 57.7%78M119=45
Tagalog
46.0%50M119
Kota Kinabalu42.1%19M119=6
M50/M110/M103=2
Philippines41.0%39
M119=11
M110=5
Hlai 40.0%50M119=20
Philippines35.7%28M119=9
M50=1
Dong35%20M119=5
M110/M50/M103=2
Hlai 32.0%75M119=24
Sui31.5%92M119=29
Malaysian30.8%13M110=3
M119=1
Dong30%10M119=2
M50/M110/M103=1
Kota Kinabalu29.2%65M119=12
M50=6
M101=1
Hlai 28.8%66M119=19
Trobriand Islands28.3%53M119=15
Hlai27.3%11M119=3
Trobriand Islands26.9%52M110=9
M119=5
Li 26.5%34M119
Malay 25.0%12M119
Han 24.0%167M119
Han Chinese 23.1%26M119=6
Hlai 23.0%74M119=17
Banjarmasin22.7%22M119=3
M50=2
Java22.6%53M119=10
M110=2
Nusa Tenggara22.6%31M119=4
M110=3
Batak 22.2%18M119=4
China22.2%36M119=8
Balinese21.1%641P203=73
M119=57
M110=5
Mandar 20.4%54M119=7
M110=4
Tujia20%--
Han 20.0%35M119
Buka20.0%10M119
CDX
19.2%52K644/Z23266=7
F656=2
Z23442=1
Zhuang
19.0%63M119=12
Malay18.5%27M50/M110/M103=4
M119=1
Thin Board Mien18.2%11M119
Majuro 18.2%11M50=2
Balinese18.1%551M119=100
Sui18.0%50M119=9
Zhuang 17.9%28M119=5
Admiralty Islands17.7%147M110=26
Malaysia17.6%17M119=3
Sumatra17.5%57
M119=10
Malagasy17.1%35M50
Han 16.9%65M119
Qiang15.2%33M119
Borneo15.0%40M119=5
M110=1
Han Chinese15%--
Dai 15.0%20M119=3
Java14.8%61P203=6
M119=2
M110=1
She14.7%34M119
Han 14.7%34M119
Manus14.3%7M119
Palyu13.3%30M119
Batak Toba13.2%38M119=4
P203=1
Sumba12.6%350M110=22
M119=19
P203=3
Micronesia12.5%16M119=2
Guizhou Miao12.2%49M119
Lowland Kimmun12.2%41M119
Thai 11.8%17P203
Tai Yong
11.5%26P203=2
M50=1
Bunu11.1%36M119
Malaysia11.1%18M119=2
Filipinos10.4%48M110=4
P203=1
Zhuang10%--
Mountain Straggler Mien10.0%20M119
Northeast Thai10.0%20M119=1
M50/M110/M103=1
Vietnam10%10M119=1
Tai Lue
9.9%91P203=6
M50=3
Han 9.7%165P203=15
M119=1
Flores9.6%394P203=36
M119=2
Zhuang 9.6%166-
Han 9.5%21M119
Han 9.4%32M119
Borneo 9.3%86M110=5
P203=2
M119=1
Bougainville9.2%65M119
Top Board Mien9.1%11M119
Northern Mien9.1%33M119
Northern She8.9%56M119
Thai
8.8%34M119
Hui8.6%35M119
Mosuo 8.5%47M119
Miao 8.3%48M119=4
Tonga8.3%12M119=1
Tujia 8.2%49P203=4
Hlai 8.1%62M119=5
Hlai/Cun8%--
Cambodian7.7%26M119=1
M50/M110/M103=1
Ewenki 7.7%26M119
Xibe7.3%41M119
Dai 7.1%28M119=2
Hunan Miao7.0%100M119
Tujia7%--
Miao 6.9%58P203=4
Bai 6.7%30M119=2
Katu6.7%45M119
Moluccas6.7%30P203=1
M110=1
Han 6.7%30M119
Kinh6.7%15M119
Kinh 6.6%76P203
Southern Mien6.5%31M119
Yao 6.4%47M119=3
Malaysia6.3%32M119=1
P203=1
Dai 6.1%49M119=3
Lisu 6.1%49M119=3
Yunnan Miao6.1%49M119
Northern Han6.1%49M119
Comorians6.0%381M50=22
MSY2.2=1
Bai 6.0%50M119
Bai 6.0%50M119=3
Moluccas5.9%34
M119=1
M110=1
Kyrgyz 5.8%52M119
Vietnam5.7%70P203=4
Yao 5.7%35M119
Fiji5.6%107M119=6
Mon
5.6%18P203=1
Samoa5.6%18P203=1
Thailand5.3%75P203=2
M119=2
Daur5.1%39M119
Cham
5.1%59M119
Dungan 5.0%40M119
Shan
5.0%20P203=1
Manchu 4.9%41M119=2
Han 4.8%42M119
Maewo 4.5%44M119=1
M110=1
Bouyei4.4%45M119=2
Jino
4.4%45M119=2
Korean4.4%45M119
KHV
4.3%46Z23392=1
Z23442=1
Han 4.3%47M119=2
Western Mien4.3%47M119
Pumi 4.3%47M119
Zhuang 4.3%47M119=2
Buyi 4.2%48M119=2
Mongolian4.2%24M119
Tai Khün
4.2%24P203=1
Korea4.0%25M119=1
Western Samoa4.0%25M119=1
Khon Mueang
3.9%205P203=6
M50=2
Manchu3.8%52M119
Koreans 3.8%133P203=3
M119=2
New Ireland3.7%109M119
Bo3.6%28M119
Tai Yuan
3.5%85P203=3
Japanese3.4%263M119
Lembata3.3%92M119=2
P203=1
Korean3.2%216M119
Samoa3.2%62
M119=2
Han 3.1%129M119
Papua New Guinea
3.0%33P203=1
Manchu 3.0%101M119
Koreans 3.0%573P203=16
M119=1
Dai
2.9%35M119=1
Manchu2.9%35M119
Han 2.9%35M119
Buyi2.9%35M119
Yao 2.9%35M119
West New Britain2.8%249M119
Koreans2.7%300M119
Koreans2.7%75M119
Japanese 2.6%117M119
Koreans 2.4%85M119
Lavongai2.3%43M119
Koreans 2.2%506M119
Laven2.0%50M119
Yi 2.0%50M119
Hmong Daw 2.0%51M119
She2.0%51P203=1
Japanese 1.9%104M119
Vanuatu1.9%52M50=1
Yao 1.7%60P203=1
Uygur1.4%70M119
East New Britain1.4%145M119
Japanese1.2%2390M119
Tuvalu1.0%100M110=1
Mongolia
0.7%149M119
Mongols 0.6%160M119
Lawa
0.0%50M119=0

A 2008 study by Li suggested that the admixture analyses of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations showed a significant genetic influence in a large proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contained a high frequency of haplogroup O-M119.
The frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among various East Asian and Austronesian populations suggest a complex genetic history of the modern Han populations of southern China. Although Haplogroup O-M119 occurs only at an average frequency of approximately 4% among Han populations of northern China and peoples of southwestern China and Southeast Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, the frequency of this haplogroup among the Han populations of southern China nearly quadruples to about 15-23%. The frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Southern Han has been found to be slightly greater than the arithmetic mean of the frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Northern Han and a pooled sample of Austronesian populations. This suggests that modern Southern Han populations may possess a non-trivial number of male ancestors who were originally affiliated with some Austronesian-related culture, or who at least shared some genetic affinity with many of the ancestors of modern Austronesian peoples.

Subclade distribution

O-M119

This lineage is found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kra-Dai peoples. This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of Siberia, such as the Nivkhs, Ulchi/Nanai, Yenisey Evenks, and especially the Buryats living in the Sayan-Baikal uplands of Irkutsk Oblast .

O-P203

O-P203 was found in 86.7% of a sample from Nias, 70.8% of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% of Mentawai, 11.4% of Balinese, 9.8% of a sample from Java, 9.1% of a sample from Flores, 9.1% of Han Chinese, 8.3% of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% of Tujia from Hunan, 6.9% of Miao from China, 5.7% of Vietnamese, 3.3% of a sample from the Moluccas, 3.1% of Malaysians, 3.0% of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% of Filipinos, 2.0% of She, 1.7% of Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% of a sample from Lembata, and 0.9% of a sample from Sumba.
In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in
Shanghai whose origin may be traced back to East China, 12.3% of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to South China, and 1.6% of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to North China.

O-M101

This lineage was observed in one individual from China and another from Kota Kinabalu.

O-M50

This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the Comoros. It also has been found in a Hawaiian.
A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% of a sample of people in Majuro, 17.1% of a sample of Malagasy, 9.2% of a sample of people in Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% of a sample of people in Banjarmasin, 3.6% of a sample of people in the Philippines, and 1.9% of a sample of people in Vanuatu.
Kayser et al. 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% of a sample from Java, 3.0% of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% of a sample from Fiji.
A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% Nias, 8.3% Philippines, 7.4% Sulawesi, 6.3% Sumba, 5.8% Borneo, 3.3% Moluccas, 2.3% Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% Java, 1.4% Mentawai, and 0.8% Bali.
A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% of males from the Solomon Islands.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Footnotes

Works cited

Journals
Websites