Yamato-damashii


Yamato-damashii or Yamato-gokoro is a Japanese language term for the cultural values and characteristics of the Japanese people. The phrase was coined in the Heian period to describe the indigenous Japanese 'spirit' or cultural values as opposed to cultural values of foreign nations such as those identified through contact with Tang dynasty China. Later, a qualitative contrast between Japanese and Chinese spirit was elicited from the term. Edo period writers and samurai used it to augment and support the Bushido concept of honor and valor. Japanese nationalists propagandized Yamato-damashii – "the brave, daring, and indomitable spirit of Japanese people" – as one of the key Japanese military-political doctrines in the Shōwa period. English translations of Yamato-damashii include the "Japanese spirit", "Japanese soul", "Yamato spirit", and "The Soul of Old Japan". Lafcadio Hearn mentions the latter in connection with Shinto.
For this national type of moral character was invented the name Yamato-damashi, — the Soul of Yamato, — the appellation of the old province of Yamato, seat of the early emperors, being figuratively used for the entire country. We might correctly, though less literally, interpret the expression Yamato-damashi as "The Soul of Old Japan".

Origin of the term

Originally Yamato-damashi did not bear the bellicose weight or ideological timbre that it later assumed in pre-war modern Japan. It first occurs in the Otome section of The Tale of Genji, as a native virtue that flourishes best, not as a contrast to foreign civilization but, rather precisely, when it is grounded on a solid basis in Chinese learning. Thus we read:
No, the safe thing is to give him a good, solid fund of knowledge. It is when there is a fund of Chinese learning that the Japanese spirit is respected in the world.

Lexicology

Yamato-damashii "Japan, Japanese" compounds Yamato with damashii, which is the voiced rendaku pronunciation of tamashii. Both these kanji readings Yamato and damashii are native Japanese kun'yomi, while the Wakon reading is Sinitic on'yomi borrowed from Chinese Héhún.
Yamato is historically the second of three common Japanese endonyms for 'Japan; Japanese'.
In current Japanese usage, Wa 倭 is an archaic variant Chinese character for Wa 和, Yamato is a literary and historical term, and Nihon is the usual name for "Japan; Japanese".
Tamashii or tama is Japanese kun'yomi, while kon or gon is Chinese on'yomi. The Shinto-influenced semantics of Japanese tama/tamashii exceed customary English concepts of "spirit", "soul", or "ghost", besides the human soul, it also includes diverse spiritual forces found in nature. Roy Andrew Miller suggests that German Geist or French are better translations than English spirit or soul:
But finally we must conclude that nothing in any commonly used European language, including English, really does justice to Japanese tama. The spirit, soul, Geist, or élan to which the Japanese term has reference, whether it is the tama of Yamato-damashii or the tama of kotodama, is a vital and active entity that plays no part in any usual Western-language imagery or expression. We have no such word, and we make use of no imagery capitalizing upon the concepts that it employs; but the Japanese have, and they do.

Kotodama illustrate this traditional Japanese belief about tama energies. Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary gives kotodama translation equivalents and a revealing usage example: "ことだま【言霊】, the soul of language; the miraculous power of language . ̍ ⇨ 言霊の幸う国 Japan, "the land where the mysterious workings of language bring bliss"."
Yamato nadeshiko is a floral metaphor for "the idealized traditional Japanese woman". During World War II, ultra-nationalists popularized Yamato-nadeshiko as the female manifestation of Yamato-damashii.

Later history

The record of Yamato-damashii dates back one millennium to the Heian period of Japanese history, when Chinese culture and Chinese language were highly influential.
Yamato-gokoro.
Since Wa 和 commonly abbreviates Yamato 大和 "Japan; Japanese", 和魂 is a contraction of Yamato-damashii. The Konjaku Monogatarishū first uses it describing a burglar who murdered a nattering scholar of Chinese classical law. "Although Kiyohara no Yoshizumi had admirable learning, he is said to have died in this childish way because he did not have the slightest knowledge of the Japanese spirit".
For centuries after its use by Heian authors Yamato-damashii was rarely recorded until the late Edo period. One Kamakura-period exception is the Gukanshō history, which uses Yamato-damashii in praising the character of child Emperor Toba.
Still, he had the personality of Fujiwara no Kinzane characterized by Chinese learning and followed in the footsteps of Sugawara no Michizane, but Toba had even more Japanese spirit than either of them.

Three new "Japanese spirit" phrases originated around the 1867 Meiji Restoration. First, the modernization Nihon-damashii was fashioned by Kyokutei Bakin, a famous samurai author of Gesaku. His Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki quotes Minamoto no Tametomo discussing seppuku rituals: "I admit that a person who does not care about dying when on the verge of death may superficially have the Japanese spirit, but I think this is a misunderstanding from not having learned about it.". Second, Wakon-kansai occurs in the Kanke ikai. Third, Wakon-yōsai was created by Yoshikawa Tadayasu in his Kaika sakuron.
Following the Japanese victories in the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, nationalists made Wakon-yōsai into a catchphrase for modernization and militarization, and developed Yamato-damashii into what Miller calls "the official rallying cry for the Japanese armed forces in World War II."
In the present day, Yamato-damashii is historically associated with Japanese nationalism, but is commonly used in Nihonjinron discussions and sports media. It is the motto for the international Purebred mixed martial arts school headed by Japanese-American Enson Inoue. Professor David Pollack predicts that Yamato-damashii will become extinct.
Synthesis comes to an end only when antithesis ceases to appear. For many centuries Japan found its most significant antithesis in China. During the last century and a half the West has been the antithetical term in the dialectic, and as always it has been in that "other" that Japan has sought its own image, peering anxiously for signs of its own identity into the mirror of the rest of the world. After the challenge of Western technology has been successfully met, one wonders what will be left that is "alien," besides the very fact that the historically necessary "other" is lacking. In that case, "Japanese spirit" will find itself face to face with the most frightening "other" of all – its lack – at which point opposition must cease or else feed upon itself.

Definitions

Racially and ethnically offensive words are problematic for dictionaries. Lexicographers and publishers have editorial policies for treating ethnic slurs and insults. For example, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines Jap as "Offensive Slang. Used as a disparaging term for a person of Japanese birth or descent."
Michael Carr argues that Yamato-damashii "significantly differs from everyday racist slurs because it is not an overt insult, it is the opposite: an ethnic adulation. It belongs to a special category of benedictions such as Manifest Destiny or Chosen People that imply national, racial, or ethnic self-conceit." The nationalist and racist connotations of Japanese Yamato-damashii are comparable with German Herrenvolk.
Carr lexicographically analyzed Yamato-damashii definitions among modern general-purpose Japanese dictionaries from four publishers, namely, Daijisen, Daijirin, Nihongo Daijiten, and Kōjien.
For instance, this definition from the popular Daijirin dictionary gives the kanji 大和魂, modern and Old Japanese pronunciations, two meanings, synonyms, and usage examples from Japanese literature.
やまとだましい［―だましひ］4 【《大和》魂】①大和心。和魂。（漢学を学んで得た知識に対して）日本人固有の実務・世事などを処理する能力・知恵をいう。「才を本としてこそ、―の世に用ゐらるる方も強う侍らめ〔出典： 源氏（乙女）〕」 「露、―無かりける者にて〔出典： 今昔 二十〕」②日本民族固有の精神。日本人としての意識。
yamato... -damashii, -damashiFi "type 4" 【《大和》魂】1. yamato-gokoro. wakon. Japanese people's characteristic ability or wisdom/intelligence for managing/treating actual things and worldly affairs. The Tale of Genji "Without a solid foundation of book-learning this 'Japanese spirit' of which one hears so much is not of any great use in the world." Times Now Past "He did not have the slightest knowledge of the Japanese spirit." 2. characteristic mentality of the Japanese race/people. Consciousness/awareness of being a Japanese person.

Collectively, these four definitions provide insights into what Yamato-damashii means in current Japanese usage. They all distinguish two basic meanings: ① "A Japanese practical ability; opposed to Chinese scholarship" and ② "A traditional concept of death-defying valor". When two or more definitions use identical terminology, it suggests consensus on semantics. For instance, while the dictionaries split on whether meaning ① refers to Nihon-minzoku or Nihon-jin, all four say the nationalistic meaning ② refers to Nihon-minzoku.
For meaning ①, the most salient word is koyū. This sense is defined as a noryoku or chie, which pertains to jisseikatsujōno or jitsumutekina.
For meaning ②, all the definitions describe a seishin. Specifically a "Japanese spirit" with kakan, yūmō, and shinmei o mo oshimanai, especially when koto ni atatte. Purity is mentioned with seijo and isagiyoi.
Within this dictionary sample, only the Nihongo daijiten qualifies Yamato-damashii as a characteristic that is to sareta, whereas the other three define it as a matter of fact. Carr concludes, "Believing that all individuals of any race or nationality share certain "spiritual" characteristics is at best overgeneralization, or at worst racism."
Some monolingual English dictionaries enter Yamato or Yamato-e, but only the Oxford English Dictionary enters Yamato-damashii.
Yamato
1. The style or school of art in Japan which culminated in the 12th and 13th centuries and dealt with Japanese subjects in a distinctively Japanese way. Usu. as Yamato-e ; also –ryū . …
2. Yamato-damashii: the Japanese spirit. …

The OED gives three usage examples, starting with Yamato-damashi and Yamato-damashii. Note that the 1904 Hearn quotation above antedates this 1942 citation.
Most Japanese-English dictionaries literally translate Yamato-damashii as "the Japanese spirit". For instance, Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary enters Yamato "やまと【大和】 Yamato; Japan" along with 14 subentries, including Yamato-damashii "大和魂 the Japanese spirit" and Yamato-gokoro "大和心 the Japanese spirit; the Japanese sensibility."
The online Encyclopedia of Shinto comprehensively defines Yamato-damashii.
Literally, "Japanese spirit"; Yamato damashii is also written 大和魂. This term is often contrasted with "Chinese Learning", that is, knowledge and scholarship imported into Japan from China. Yamato damashii refers to an inherent faculty of common-sense wisdom, resourcefulness, and prudent judgment that is characteristic of, and unique to, the Japanese people. It also refers to a practical, "real life" ability and intelligence that is in contrast with scholarship and knowledge acquired through formal education. It is a term used to express such ideas as the essential purity and resolute spirit of the Japanese people, the wish for the peace and security of the nation, and the possession of a strong spirit and emotion that will meet any challenge, even at the expense of one's own life. Yamato damashii is synonymous with Yamato gokoro.