Saxony-Anhalt


Saxony-Anhalt is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of
and has a population of 2.2 million inhabitants, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle.
The state of Saxony-Anhalt originated in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg, with the city of Torgau joining the district of Leipzig. Following German reunification the state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the Federal Republic of Germany's new states.
Saxony-Anhalt is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and possesses the highest concentration of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Germany.

Geography

Saxony-Anhalt is one of 16 Bundesländer of Germany. It is located in the western part of eastern Germany. By size, it is the 8th largest state in Germany and by population, it is the 11th largest.
It borders four other Bundesländer: Brandenburg to the north-east, Saxony to the south-east, Thuringia to the south-west and Lower Saxony to the north-west.
In the north, the Saxony-Anhalt landscape is dominated by the flat expanse of the North German Plain. The old Hanseatic towns Salzwedel, Gardelegen, Stendal and Tangermünde are located in the sparsely populated Altmark. The Colbitz-Letzlingen Heath and the Drömling near Wolfsburg mark the transition between the Altmark region and the Elbe-Börde-Heath region with its fertile, sparsely wooded Magdeburg Börde. Notable towns in the Magdeburg Börde are Haldensleben, Oschersleben, Wanzleben, Schönebeck, Aschersleben and the capital Magdeburg, from which the Börde derives its name.
The Harz mountains are located in the south-west, comprising the Harz National Park, the Harz Foreland and Mansfeld Land. The highest mountain of the Harz is Brocken, with an elevation of 1,141 meters. In this area, one can find the towns of Halberstadt, Wernigerode, Thale, Eisleben and Quedlinburg.
The wine-growing area Saale-Unstrut and the towns of Zeitz, Naumburg, Weißenfels and Freyburg are located on the rivers Saale and Unstrut in the south of the state.
The metropolitan area of Halle forms an agglomeration with Leipzig in Saxony. This area is known for its highly developed chemical industry, with major production plants at Leuna, Schkopau and Bitterfeld. Finally, in the east, Dessau-Roßlau and Wittenberg are situated on the Elbe in the Anhalt-Wittenberg region.

Administrative subdivisions

The capital of Saxony-Anhalt is Magdeburg. It is the second-largest city in the state, closely after Halle. From 1994 to 2003, the state was divided into three regions, Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg and, below the regional level, 21 districts. Since 2004, however, this system has been replaced by 11 rural districts and three urban districts.
The counties are:
The independent cities are:
The largest towns in Saxony-Anhalt according to a 31 December 2017 estimate:
RankCityPopulation
1Halle 239,173
2Magdeburg238,478
3Dessau-Roßlau82,111
4Lutherstadt Wittenberg46,272
5Weißenfels40,874
6Halberstadt40,871
7Stendal39,822
8Bitterfeld-Wolfen39,103
9Merseburg34,197
10Bernburg32,876

History

Saxony-Anhalt is a federal state with a relatively short history, if compared to other German federal states. It was formed in 1945 out of former Prussian territories and mainly consists of three distinct historical regions: the area around Magdeburg, the formerly independent Anhalt and a southern part which once was part of Saxony but had been annexed by Prussia in the 19th century. This historical origin can still be seen in the coat of arms of the federal state.
In April 1945 the US Army took control of most of the western and northern area of the future Saxony-Anhalt. The U.S. Group Control Council, Germany appointed the first non-Nazi officials in leading positions in the area. So Erhard Hübener, put on leave by the Nazis, was reappointed Landeshauptmann. By early July the US Army withdrew from the former Prussian Province of Saxony to make way for the Red Army to take it as part of the Soviet occupation zone, as agreed by the London Protocol in 1944.
On 9 July the Soviet SVAG ordered the merger of the Free State of Anhalt, Halle-Merseburg, the governorate of Magdeburg, Allstedt and some Brunswickian eastern exclaves and salients with the Province of Saxony. The previously Saxon Erfurt governorate had become a part of Thuringia.
Anhalt takes its name from Anhalt Castle near Harzgerode; the origin of the name of the castle remains unknown. Anhalt was once an independent German federal state dating back for centuries.
The SVAG appointed Hübener as president of the provincial Saxon administration, a newly created function. The administration was seated in Halle an der Saale, which became the capital, also of later Saxony-Anhalt until 1952. On 3 September 1945 the new administration enacted by Soviet-inspired ordinance the mass expropriations, mostly hitting holders of large real estates, often of noble descent.
On the occasion of the first election in the Soviet zone, allowing parties truly to compete for seats in provincial and state parliaments, on 20 October 1946, the Province of Saxony was renamed as the Province of Saxony-Anhalt, taking the prior merger into account. On 3 December 1946 the members of the new provincial parliament elected Hübener the first minister-president of Saxony-Anhalt with the votes of CDU and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany. Thus he became the only governor in the Soviet zone, who was not a member of the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was an inconvenient governor for the Soviet rulers.
After the official Allied decision to dissolve the Free State of Prussia, which had remained in limbo since the Prussian coup of 1932, its former provinces, in as far as they still existed, achieved statehood, thus the province emerged into the State of Saxony-Anhalt on 6 October 1947. It became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949. From 1952 to 1990 the East German states were dissolved and Saxony-Anhalt's territory was divided into the East German districts of Halle and Magdeburg except territory around Torgau was in Leipzig. In 1990, in the course of German reunification, the districts were reintegrated as a state. But, territory around Torgau did not return to the state and joined Saxony. Now, Torgau is the centre of Nordsachsen district.
In 2015 the skeletal remains of an ancient inhabitant of Karsdorf dated from the Early Neolithic were analysed; he turned out to belong to the paternal T1a-M70 lineage and maternal lineage H1.

Demographics

Since German reunification, there has been a continuous downward trend in the population of Saxony-Anhalt. This is partly due to outward migration and partly because the death rate exceeds the birth rate. Although the birth rate has been steady since 1994, the net reproduction rate is only approximately 70%. However, the total fertility rate reached 1.50 in 2014, the highest value since 1990.
YearPopulationChange
19902,873,957
19952,738,928−135,029
20002,615,375−123,553
20052,469,716−145,659
20102,335,006−134,710
20152,245,470−89,536

Religion

The region has historically been associated with the Lutheran faith, but under Communist rule, church membership was strongly discouraged and much of the population disassociated itself from any religious body. Saxony-Anhalt contains many sites tied to Martin Luther's life, including Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg.
In 2018, the majority of citizens in Saxony-Anhalt were irreligious and more were leaving the churches than entering them – in fact, Saxony-Anhalt is the most irreligious state in Germany. 15.2% of the Saxon-Anhaltish adhered to the major denominations of Christianity, 2% were members of other religions. 82.8% of the citizens of Saxony-Anhalt were religiously unaffiliated.

Foreigners

The percentage of foreigners in Saxony-Anhalt was 4.9 percent by 31 December 2018, the third lowest among the 16 states of Germany.
The largest foreign resident groups by 31 December 2019 were:

Politics

List of minister presidents

Landtag

13 March 2016 state election


< 2011 Next >
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left colspan="2" rowspan="2" width=400 |Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan="3" |Popular vote
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan="3" |Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right width=60|Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right width=40|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right width=50|+/–
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right width=30|Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right width=30|+/–

Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – CDU|| 334,123 || 29.8 || 2.7 || 30 || 6

Alternative für Deutschland – AfD|| 271,832 || 24.2 || 24.2 || 24 || 24

Die Linke|| 183,296 || 16.3 || 7.4 || 17 || 12

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands – SPD|| 119,377 || 10.6 || 10.9 || 11 || 15

Bündnis 90/Die Grünen|| 58,226 || 5.2 || 1.9 || 5 || 4

Freie Demokratische Partei – FDP|| 54,525 || 4.9 || 1.1 || – || –

Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands – NPD|| 21,211 || 1.9 || 2.7 || – || –

Tierschutzpartei|| 16,613 || 1.5 || 0.1 || – || –

Allianz für Fortschritt und Aufbruch – ALFA|| 10,471 || 0.9 || 0.9 || – || –

Economy

The Gross domestic product of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.9% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 88% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all German states.

Development

Saxony-Anhalt was part of the communist German Democratic Republic. After the breakdown of communism and the German reunification in 1990, the collapse of non-competitive former GDR industries temporarily caused severe economic problems. In 2000, Saxony-Anhalt had the highest unemployment rate of all German states, at 20.2%.
However, the process of economic transformation towards a modern market economy seems to be completed. Massive investments in modern infrastructure have taken place since 1990, and the remaining and newly created businesses are highly competitive. For example, the industry has doubled its share of international revenue from 13 percent in 1995 to 26 percent in 2008. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has fallen considerably. By 2010 the GDP of Saxony-Anhalt was almost two and a half times higher than it was in 1991.
Even though part of this recovery was induced by the quite good performance of the Germany economy, Saxony-Anhalt did not only follow the national trend, but clearly outperformed other German states. For example, it got ahead of three German states in terms of unemployment : the German capital and city-state of Berlin, the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
The unemployment began to fall under 10% in 2016 and stood at 7.1% in October 2018.
Year200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Unemployment rate in %20.219.719.620.520.320.218.315.913.913.612.511.611.511.210.710.29.68.4

Structure

Saxony-Anhalt has seven World Heritage Sites, the highest number of all states in Germany.

Anthem