Lucy, Lady Houston
Lucy, Lady Houston, DBE, born Fanny Lucy Radmall, was a British philanthropist, political activist and suffragette. Beginning in 1933, she published Britain's Saturday Review, which was best known for its attacks on what the paper labelled the "unpatriotic" National Governments of Ramsay MacDonald and Stanley Baldwin. She has been acknowledged as an aviation pioneer, "the saviour of the Spitfire".
Early life
Fanny Lucy Radmall was the daughter of Thomas Radmall, a woollen warehouseman and draper, and Maria Isabella Clark. She was born at 13 Lower Kennington Green, Lambeth, the ninth child of ten children. As a young woman, she was a professional dancer, a chorus girl known as "Poppy".At the age of sixteen, she took up with a wealthy man twice her age, Frederick "Freddy" Gretton, whose family were part-owners of the Bass Brewery. She was his mistress for ten years. Gretton was a keen supporter of the Turf and owner of celebrated racehorses. Gretton died in 1882 and left her a legacy of £6,000 per year, much to the disgust of his family.
First two marriages
Now set up in life, she wanted a stage career. However, only three weeks in to her first stage role in a production by the Drury Lane Theatre, she eloped with Theodore Francis Brinckman, son of the 2nd Baronet. On 3 September 1883 they married but the relationship did not flourish and the couple divorced in 1895 after a long separation. After a dramatic proposal on her part, she remarried in 1901, to the retiring and previously confirmed bachelor, George Frederick William Byron, 9th Baron Byron. During their marriage, as Lady Byron she was an active suffragette who used her wealth to support the cause, standing bail for Emmeline Pankhurst.During the First World War she strongly supported the war effort, for example by sending matches to soldiers serving overseas, the boxes labelled 'A Match for Our Matchless Troops from Lady Byron', and her 'Give Him Socks' campaign. Byron died in 1917, the same year that Lucy was appointed Dame Commander, Order of the British Empire for her creation of the 'Bluebird's Nest,' a rest home in Hampstead for nurses serving in the First World War.
Marriage to Sir Robert Houston
Her third and final marriage was to Sir Robert Houston, 1st Baronet, Member of Parliament for West Toxteth, and a shipping magnate. Houston is described in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as "a hard, ruthless, unpleasant bachelor." Nevertheless Lucy Byron chased him for seven years, seeing off his old friend F.E. Smith, who opposed the marriage. Lucy got her way and finally they married on 12 December 1924.Houston established residence on the island of Jersey for the purposes of tax avoidance, and the couple divided their time between England, Jersey, and cruises on Houston's luxurious yacht, the Liberty. When Sir Robert showed her his will, Lady Houston reportedly tore it up, telling him that £1,000,000 was insufficient. By the time of their marriage Sir Robert was an invalid who suffered from bouts of depression and believed that he was being poisoned. He died aboard his yacht SY Liberty on 14 April 1926, leaving his widow roughly £5.5 million.
Lady Houston was now England's second richest woman. Although not liable to pay death duties on Houston's estate she negotiated personally with Winston Churchill, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, to pay £1.5m as an 'act of grace', as she put it. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "she paid for nine by-election meetings by the British National Government to be disrupted."
The Schneider Trophy
Lady Houston gave generously to British aviation. In 1931, she donated £100,000 to Supermarine, allowing them to win the Schneider Trophy in that year. The Royal Air Force's entry for the 1931 race for the trophy was hindered by political opposition. On 15 January 1931, the Air Ministry refused a last-minute request by the Royal Aero Club for funds for an entry.The Ministry forbade the use of the aircraft that competed in the 1929 race; forbade RAF pilots of the High Speed Flight who were trained to fly these seaplanes, to take part; and said that it would not police the race course in 1931 in the busy shipping lanes in the Solent. The Royal Aero Club sent a statement to the Cabinet on 22 January 1931, offering to raise £100,000, if the Government would rescind the Air Ministry's decrees on planes, pilots and policing.
Many newspapers backing the opposition Conservative Party wanted to put pressure on Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government. One newspaper sent a telegram to MacDonald stating that, "To prevent the socialist government from being spoilsports, Lady Houston will be responsible for all extra expenses beyond what Sir Philip Sassoon says can be found, so that Great Britain can take part in the race for the Schneider trophy." The gift gave Lady Houston an opportunity to attack the Labour government, with the declaration "Every true Briton would rather sell his last shirt than admit that England could not afford to defend herself."
Later life
In 1932, she offered to give £200,000 to strengthen the British army and navy. The National Government refused. She hung a huge electric sign, "DOWN WITH MACDONALD THE TRAITOR", in the rigging of Liberty and sailed round Great Britain. In a telegram to the Prime Minister, she wrote:In 1933, she financed the Houston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition, in which aircraft flew over the summit of Everest for the first time. This was to show opposition to granting independence to India. In October 1934, Lady Houston sent a cable to the winners of the MacRobertson England to Melbourne Air Race, Tom Campbell Black and C. W. A. Scott: "Your achievement has thrilled me through, oh brave men of my heart... If this does not make the Government sit up, nothing will... Sleep well and feel proud of yourselves, as we all are... Rule Britannia. God bless you both."
Following her purchase of the Saturday Review in 1933 at the age of 76 she threw herself in a frenzy of activity as a newspaper proprietor determined to alert Britain to the weakness of its political leaders and the dangers of Communist infiltration of Britain. Frustrated by what she saw as the weakness of Ramsay MacDonald and then Stanley Baldwin as Prime Ministers she tried to push Lloyd George, Winston Churchill, and ultimately from 1935 the new king, her friend Edward VIII, into the role of virtual dictator of the country.
In that she believed that Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were strong leaders who pulled their countries, Italy and Germany, round from a state of decay, she wanted a strong British leader to emulate them. She admired the stance of both Hitler and Mussolini against Soviet Russia, believing that its political ambitions presented the greatest threat to the power of Britain and its Empire.
She also considered funding Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists with the £200,000 rejected by the Government. However, just at that crucial moment Mosley's publication The Blackshirt printed what she thought were insulting references to her, and she kept the money.