Dictionary of National Biography


The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published since 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and online, with 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives.

First series

Hoping to emulate national biographical collections published elsewhere in Europe, such as the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, in 1882 the publisher George Smith, of Smith, Elder & Co., planned a universal dictionary that would include biographical entries on individuals from world history. He approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become the editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus only on subjects from the United Kingdom and its present and former colonies. An early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work.
The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885. In May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephen's assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. A dedicated team of sub-editors and researchers worked under Stephen and Lee, combining a variety of talents from veteran journalists to young scholars who cut their academic teeth on dictionary articles at a time when postgraduate historical research in British universities was still in its infancy. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, who included several respected writers and scholars of the late nineteenth century. By 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63. The year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below.

Supplements and revisions

Since the scope included only deceased figures, the DNB was soon extended by the issue of three supplementary volumes, covering subjects who had died between 1885 and 1900 or who had been overlooked in the original alphabetical sequence. The supplements brought the whole work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. Corrections were added.
After issuing a volume of errata in 1904, the dictionary was reissued with minor revisions in 22 volumes in 1908 and 1909; a subtitle said that it covered British history "from the earliest times to the year 1900". In the words of the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, the dictionary had "proved of inestimable service in elucidating the private annals of the British", providing not only concise lives of the notable deceased, but additionally lists of sources which were invaluable to researchers in a period when few libraries or collections of manuscripts had published catalogues or indices, and the production of indices to periodical literatures was just beginning. Throughout the twentieth century, further volumes were published for those who had died, generally on a decade-by-decade basis, beginning in 1912 with a supplement edited by Lee covering those who died between 1901 and 1911. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., to Oxford University Press in 1917. Until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century.
The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the twentieth century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published. This had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. This did not seek to replace any articles on existing DNB subjects, even though the original work had been written from a Victorian perspective and had become out of date due to changes in historical assessments and discoveries of new information during the twentieth century.
L. G. L. Legg was editor of the DNB in the 1940s.
In 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research.

Concise dictionary

There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, which covered everyone in the main work but with much shorter articles; some were only two lines. The last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986.

''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''

In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB. Work on what was known until 2001 as the New Dictionary of National Biography, or New DNB, began in 1992 under the editorship of Colin Matthew, professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford. Matthew decided that no subjects from the old dictionary would be excluded, however insignificant the subjects appeared to a late twentieth-century eye; that a minority of shorter articles from the original dictionary would remain in the new version in revised form, but most would be rewritten; and that room would be made for about 14,000 new subjects. Suggestions for new subjects were solicited through questionnaires placed in libraries and universities and, as the 1990s advanced, online. The suggestions were assessed by the editor, the 12 external consultant editors, and several hundred associate editors and in-house staff. Digitization of the DNB was performed by the Alliance Photosetting Company in Pondicherry, India.
The new dictionary would cover British history, "broadly defined", up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a collaborative one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. It would remain selective – there would be no attempt to include all members of parliament, for example – but would seek to include significant, influential or notorious figures from the whole canvas of the life of Britain and its former colonies, overlaying the decisions of the late-nineteenth-century editors with the interests of late-twentieth-century scholarship in the hope that "the two epochs in collaboration might produce something more useful for the future than either epoch on its own", but acknowledging also that a final definitive selection is impossible to achieve.
Matthews's dedication to a digitized ODNB included what Christopher Warren calls Matthews's "data internationalism". In a 1996 essay, Matthew prophesied, "Who can doubt that in the course of the next century, as nationality in Europe gives way to European Union, so national reference works, at least in Europe, will do so also....Just as the computer is collapsing national library catalogues in a single world-wide series, so I am sure that in the course of the next fifty years we will see the gradual aggregation of our various dictionaries of national biography. We will be much blamed by our users if we do not!"
Following Matthew's death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, and in an online edition for subscribers. Most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a much lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, including entries on all subjects included in the old DNB. A small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition. Harrison was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Dr Lawrence Goldman, in October 2004. The first online update was published on 4 January 2005, including subjects who had died in 2001. A further update, including subjects from all periods, followed on 23 May 2005, and another on 6 October 2005. New subjects who died in 2002 were added to the online dictionary on 5 January 2006, with continuing releases in May and October in subsequent years following the precedent of 2005. The ODNB also includes some new biographies on people who died before the DNB was published and are not included in the original DNB, because they have become notable since the DNB was published through the work of more recent historians, for example William Eyre.
The online version has an advanced search facility, allowing a search for people by area of interest, religion and "Places, Dates, Life Events". This accesses an electronic index that cannot be directly viewed.
Response to the new dictionary has been for the most part positive, but in the months following publication there was occasional criticism of the dictionary in some British newspapers and periodicals for reported factual inaccuracies. However, the number of articles publicly queried in this way was small – only 23 of the 50,113 articles published in September 2004, leading to fewer than 100 substantiated factual amendments. These and other queries received since publication are being considered as part of an ongoing programme of assessing proposed corrections or additions to existing subject articles, which can, when approved, be incorporated into the online edition of the dictionary. In 2005, The American Library Association awarded the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography its prestigious Dartmouth Medal. A general review of the dictionary was published in 2007.
Sir David Cannadine took over the editorship from October 2014.

First series contents

VolumeNamesYear publishedEditor
1Abbadie – Anne1885Stephen
2Annesley – Baird1885Stephen
3Baker – Beadon1885Stephen
4Beal – Biber1885Stephen
5Bicheno – Bottisham1886Stephen
6Bottomley – Browell1886Stephen
7Brown – Burthogge1886Stephen
8Burton – Cantwell1886Stephen
9Canute – Chaloner1887Stephen
10Chamber – Clarkson1887Stephen
11Clater – Condell1887Stephen
12Conder – Craigie1887Stephen
13Craik – Damer1888Stephen
14Damon – D'Eyncourt1888Stephen
15Diamond – Drake1888Stephen
16Drant – Edridge1888Stephen
17Edward – Erskine1889Stephen
18Esdale – Finan1889Stephen
19Finch – Forman1889Stephen
20Forrest – Garner1889Stephen
21Garnett – Gloucester1890Stephen
22Glover – Gravet1890Stephen & Lee
23Gray – Haighton1890Stephen & Lee
24Hailes – Harriott1890Stephen & Lee
25Harris – Henry I1891Stephen & Lee
26Henry II – Hindley1891Stephen & Lee
27Hindmarsh – Hovenden1891Lee
28Howard – Inglethorpe1891Lee
29Inglish – John1892Lee
30Johnes – Kenneth1892Lee
31Kennett – Lambart1892Lee
32Lambe – Leigh1892Lee
33Leighton – Lluelyn1893Lee
34Llywd – MacCartney1893Lee
35MacCarwell – Maltby1893Lee
36Malthus – Mason1893Lee
37Masquerier – Millyng1894Lee
38Milman – More1894Lee
39Morehead – Myles1894Lee
40Myllar – Nicholls1894Lee
41Nichols – O'Dugan1895Lee
42O'Duinn – Owen1895Lee
43Owens – Passelewe1895Lee
44Paston – Percy1895Lee
45Pereira – Pockrich1896Lee
46Pocock – Puckering1896Lee
47Puckle – Reidfurd1896Lee
48Reilly – Robins1896Lee
49Robinson – Russell1897Lee
50Russen – Scobell1897Lee
51Scoffin – Sheares1897Lee
52Shearman – Smirke1897Lee
53Smith – Stanger1898Lee
54Stanhope – Stovin1898Lee
55Stow – Taylor1898Lee
56Teach – Tollet1898Lee
57Tom – Tytler1899Lee
58Ubaldini – Wakefield1899Lee
59Wakeman – Watkins1899Lee
60Watson – Whewell1899Lee
61Whichcord – Williams1900Lee
62Williamson – Worden1900Lee
63Wordsworth – Zuylestein1900Lee