Second MacDonald ministry


The Second MacDonald Ministry was formed by Ramsay MacDonald on his reappointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by King George V on 5 June 1929. It was only the second occasion on which the Labour Party had formed a government; the First MacDonald Ministry held office in 1924.

Background

The government formed lacked a parliamentary majority, its total of 288 seats compared to the Conservatives' 255 seats with 8,560,000 votes. Most remaining seats were those of 58 Liberal MPs. The disparity in seats versus votes cast was created by the outcome on boundaries at the time under the first past the post electoral system and the last boundary change under the Representation of the People Act 1918. MacDonald thus had a minority government that needed the support of Lloyd George's MPs to pass legislation. His ministers rapidly faced the problems stemming from the impact of the Great Depression. On the one hand, international bankers insisted that strict budget limits be kept; on the other, trade unions and, particularly, unemployed workers' organisations carried on regular and massive protest actions, including a series of hunger marches.

Policy

The government faced practical enforcement difficulties with its legislation, such as the Coal Mines Act 1930, which provided for a 7½-hour daily shift in mines. Owners were guaranteed minimum coal prices through compulsory production quotas among collieries, thus doing away with cut-throat competition. This solution was introduced to prevent a fall in miners' wages. The Act introduced a philanthropic cartel replacing the coal merchants' oligopoly to allocate production quotas by control of a central council, while a Mines Reorganisation Commission was established to encourage efficiency through amalgamations. Many mine owners variously offended these provisions due to Labour's lack of enforcement powers.
The Land Utilisation Bill of 1931 would have given ministers sweeping powers to purchase land nationwide. It was mauled by the House of Lords and had no backing from the Treasury so reduced to limited powers to improve agricultural productivity and provide and subsidise smallholdings to the unemployed and agricultural workers, as the Agricultural Land Act 1931. Other acts passed include the Agricultural Marketing Act 1931, Greenwood's Housing Act 1930 and the London Transport Bill 1931 – see London Passenger Transport Board – this was made legislation in 1933, after the Government had fallen. The Housing Act of 1930 resulted in the demolition of 245,000 slums by 1939, and the construction of 700,000 new homes. The 1930 Housing Act also allowed local authorities to set up differential rent schemes, with rents related to the incomes of the tenants concerned.
Immediate measures carried out by the government upon taking office included a temporary amendment of the Unemployment Insurance Acts, increasing the State contribution to the Fund, a Development Act authorising grants up to £25 million and a further £25 million in guarantees for public works schemes designed to reduce unemployment, a parallel Colonial Development Act authorising grants up to £1 million a year for schemes in the Colonies, a measure continuing at the existing levels the subsidies under the Housing Acts, which the Conservatives had threatened to reduce, and a removal of the appointed Guardians whom the Conservatives had put in office in place of the elected Boards in Bedwellty, Chester-le-Street, and Westham. Changes were also made to the taxation system that resulted in the poor paying less tax and the rich paying more.
Expenditure on the insurance fund was raised as a means of ensuring that unemployed persons would not be reduced so quickly to poor relief. The Unemployment Insurance Act 1930 increased insurance benefits for certain classes of unemployed who had been on a very low scale, and included a provision that claims for benefits could no longer be disallowed except on the authority of a Court of Referees. Altogether, an estimated 170,000 people were brought into benefit by the combined exchanges in the Act. A scheme for training unemployed workers who had little chance of being reabsorbed into their previous occupations was extended, while arrangements were made whereby youths who were helping to support their families out of unemployment pay could live at either the training centres and have a special remittance of 9 shillings a week made to their homes. In addition, the provision of instruction for unemployed boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 was extended.
The Widows' and Old Age Pensions Act was amended to cover some hundreds of thousands of additional pensioners, under improved conditions,. with the inclusion of widows between the ages of 55 and 70. A further Unemployment Insurance Act re-drafted the terms of benefit, so as to remove the major part of the grievance relating to the disqualification of persons alleged to be "not genuinely seeking work," which led to greater numbers of people acquiring unemployment assistance. Other measures carried out in 1929–30 included the Road Traffic Act, the Land Drainage Act, the Public Works Facilities Act, the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1930 and the Mental Treatment Act 1930.
The 1930 Labour budget provided for largely increased expenditure, contained measures to prevent tax evasion, raised the standard rate of income tax as well as the surtax while making concessions to the smaller taxpayer. A town and country planning act gave local authorities more power to control local and regional planning, while the Housing Act of 1931 provided a sum of 2 million pounds to help the poorer rural districts which were willing but unable to fulfil their housing responsibilities. In addition, an Act passed by the previous Conservative government providing assistance towards the improvement of privately owned cottages for land workers was extended for another 5 years. To protect farm workers from exploitation, additional inspectors were appointed in 1929 to investigate "cases of refusal to pay minimum wages," and as a result of the work carried out by these investigators, wage arrears were recovered for 307 workers with the space of a few months. In addition, levels of support for war veterans and family members were expanded.
In education, various measures were introduced to promote equality and opportunity. More generous standards of school-planning were secured, while special attention was given to the provision of adequate accommodation for practical work. The number of “black-listed” schools was reduced from about 2,000 to about 1,500. From 1929 to 1931, the number of certified teachers in service was increased by about 3,000, while the number of classes with more than 50 children was reduced by about 2,000. Capital expenditure on elementary school building approved by the Board of Education during 1930–1931 stood at over 9 million pounds, more than double the amount approved during 1928–29, the Conservative Government's last year in office. In addition, an annual grant to the Universities was increased by £250,000. Various military reforms were carried out, with the raising of the minimum age of enrolment into Officers Training Corps from 13 to 15, the abolition of the death penalty for certain offences, and the modification of the disciplinary code “in the direction of clemency.”
A circular was issued that urged the need for an expansion of provisions for the health and welfare of children under the compulsory school age by the development of nursery schools and other services, and by April 1931, the amount of accommodation available in nursery schools was doubled. The number of staff in the school medical services was increased, while about 3,000 new places were provided in day and residential special schools for crippled or blind children and in open-air schools for delicate children. There was also a large increase in the number of meals supplied to school children, while support given by the government to the National Milk Publicity Council's scheme for supplying milk to children resulted in 600,000 children benefiting daily from this service. Technical education was developed and arrangements were made for co-operation between technical colleges and industry, while new regulations facilitated an expansion of adult education. In addition, the government increased the number of free places that Local Education Authorities could offer to 50%.
To improve safety standards at sea, an International Conference was convened by the Labour President of the Board of Trade, which led to 27 governments signing a Convention establishing for the first time uniform safety rules for all the cargo ships throughout the world. Conditions for soldiers were improved, while the death penalty for certain offences was abolished. A seven-year limit in connection with war pensions was also removed, while a programme for afforestation was increased.
The Unemployment Insurance Act of 1929 scrapped the "genuinely seeking work" clause in unemployment benefit, increased dependants' allowances, extended provision for the long-term unemployed, relaxed eligibility conditions, and introduced an individual means test. As a result of the changes made by the government to unemployment provision, the number of people on transitional benefits rose from 120,000 in 1929 to more than 500,000 in 1931.
The National Health Insurance Act of 1930 extended provision of health insurance to unemployed males whose entitlement had run out, while the Poor Prisoners Defence Act of 1930 introduced criminal legal aid for appearances in magistrates' courts. The Housing Act and Housing Act of 1930 provided local authorities with additional central government subsidies to construct new homes for people who had been moved out of slum clearance areas. The Housing Act of 1930 provided for rehousing in advance of demolition, and also for the charging of low rents. The Act also made State aid available for the first time for building attractive little houses for older people without families. An obligation was put onto County Councils to contribute towards houses built for farm workers, while provisions in the Act for improving bad housing and clearing slums were applied to the country districts as well as to urban areas.
A number of measures were also introduced to improve standards of health and safety in the workplace. As a means of improving industrial hygiene, regulations were introduced on 1 June 1931 that prescribed measures of hygiene for establishments engaged in electrolytic chromium plating, while regulations introduced on 28 April 1931 dealt with conditions in the refractory materials industries. On 24 February 1931, special regulations were issued by the Home Office for the prevention of accidents in the shipbuilding industry. An Act of August 1930 provided for the compulsory closing of hairdressers and barbers shops on Sundays and with certain exceptions provided that "no person may carry on the work of a hairdresser on Sunday." An Order of February 1930 prescribed protective measures for cement workers, while an Order of May 1930 contained provisions concerning the protection of workers in tanneries.
The 1930 Poor Law Act abolished the workhouse test and replaced the Poor Law with public bodies known as Public Assistance Committees for the relief of the poor and destitute, while Poor Law hospitals came under the control of local authorities. The Poor Law Act of 1930 also encouraged local authorities "to work with a local voluntary group to find suitable employment for deaf people." The lid was kept on the ever present risk of a naval arms race, while the system of naval officer recruitment was reformed to make it less difficult for working-class sailors to secure promotion from the ranks. George Lansbury, the First Commissioner of Works, sponsored a "Brighter Britain" campaign and introduced a number of facilities in London parks such as mixed bathing, boating ponds, and swings and sandpits for children.
A number of other initiatives were undertaken by the Office of Works during Labour's time in office, including extensions in the amenities of the Parks and Palaces under its charge, and the spending of thousands of pounds on various improvements for the preservation of memorials across the country, as characterised by the restoration of a castle at Porchester near Portsmouth.
In Scotland, various welfare initiatives were carried out by the Scottish Office. Medical services in the Highlands and Islands were extended and stabilised, while limits imposed by a previous Conservative administration on the scale of Poor Law relief were scrapped, along with a system of offering the Poor House "as test for able-bodied men who have been out of work for a long period."
The Second Labour Government's achievements in social policy were, however, overshadowed by the government's failure to tackle the effects of the Great Depression, which left mass unemployment in its wake. Spending on public works was accelerated, although this proved to be inadequate in dealing with the problem. By January 1930, 1.5 million people were out of work, a number which reached almost 2 million by June, and by December it topped 2.5 million. The Lord Privy Seal J. H. Thomas, who was put in charge of the problem of unemployment, was unable to offer a solution, while Margaret Bondfield also failed to come up with an imaginative response. Other members of the cabinet, however, put forward their own proposals for dealing with the Depression.
George Lansbury proposed land reclamation in Great Britain, a colonising scheme in Western Australia, and pensions for people at the age of sixty, while Tom Johnston pushed for national relief schemes such as the construction of a road round Loch Lomond. These and similar schemes, however, failed in the Unemployment Committee, where the four ministers received negative responses to their proposals from the top civil servants from the various government departments.
The one minister whose proposals may have helped Britain to recover quickly from the worst effects of the Great Depression was Oswald Mosley, a former member of the Conservative Party. Frustrated by the government's economic orthodoxy, Mosley submitted an ambitious set of proposals for dealing with the crisis to the Labour Cabinet in what became known as "Mosley's Memorandum". These included much greater use of credit to finance development through the public control of banking, rationalisation of industry under public ownership, British agricultural development, import restrictions and bulk purchase agreements with foreign producers, protection of the home market by tariffs, and higher pensions and allowances to encourage earlier retirement from industry and to increase purchasing power. Although Macdonald was sympathetic to some of Mosley's proposals, they were rejected by Snowden and other members of the Cabinet, which led Mosley to resign in frustration in May 1930. The government continued to adhere to an orthodox economic course, as characterised by the controversial decision of the Minister of Labour Margaret Bondfield to push through Parliament an Anomalies Act, aimed at stamping out apparent "abuses" of the unemployment insurance system. This legislation limited the rights of short-time, casual and seasonal workers and of married women to claim unemployment benefit, which further damaged the reputation of the government amongst Labour supporters. Bondfield was caught between the financial orthodoxy of Snowden, the critics of cuts on Labour's backbenches and the baying for even more cuts on the Opposition benches, and in the end she ended up satisfying none of them.

Fate

In the summer of 1931, the government was gripped by a political and financial crisis as the value of the pound and its place on the Gold Standard came under threat over fears that the budget was unbalanced. A run on gold began when a report by the May Committee estimated that there would be a deficit of £120 million by April 1932, and recommended reductions in government expenditure and higher taxes to prevent this.
Macdonald's cabinet met repeatedly to work out the necessary cutbacks and tax rises, while at the same time seeking loans from overseas. It later became clear that the bankers in New York would only provide loans if the government carried out significant austerity measures, such as a 10% reduction in the dole. During August 1931, the Cabinet struggled to produce budget amendments that were politically acceptable but proved unable to do so without causing mass resignations and a full-scale split in the party. The particular issue on which the split occurred was the vote of the cabinet after much discussion to reduce benefit paid to unemployed people under the National Assistance scheme. The Cabinet was unable to reach an agreement on this controversial issue, with nine members opposing the reduction in the dole and eleven supporting it, and on 24 August 1931 the government formally resigned.
The Second Labour Government was succeeded by the First National Ministry, also headed by Ramsay MacDonald and made up of members of Labour, the Conservatives and Liberals, calling itself a National Government. Viewed by many Labourites as a traitor, Macdonald was subsequently expelled from the Labour Party, and remained a hated figure within the Labour Party for many years thereafter, despite his great services to his party earlier in his life.
The circumstances surrounding the downfall of the Second Labour Government, together with its replacement by the National Government and its failure to develop a coherent economic strategy for dealing with the effects of the Great Depression, have provoked massive controversy amongst historians ever since.

Cabinet

June 1929 – August 1931

Members of the Cabinet are in bold face.
OfficeNameDate
Prime Minister
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Ramsay MacDonald5 June 192924 August 1931
Lord ChancellorThe Lord Sankey7 June 1929
Lord President of the Council
Leader of the House of Lords
The Lord Parmoor7 June 192924 August 1931
Lord Privy SealJames Henry Thomas7 June 1929
Lord Privy SealVernon Hartshorn5 June 1930
Lord Privy SealThomas Johnston24 March 1931
Chancellor of the ExchequerPhilip Snowden7 June 19295 November 1931
Parliamentary Secretary to the TreasuryTom Kennedy14 June 1929
Financial Secretary to the TreasuryFrederick Pethick-Lawrence11 June 1929
Lords of the TreasuryCharles Edwards11 June 192913 March 1931
Lords of the TreasuryJohn Parkinson11 June 19291 March 1931
Lords of the TreasuryAlfred Barnes11 June 192923 October 1930
Lords of the TreasuryWilliam Whiteley27 June 192924 August 1931
Lords of the TreasuryWilfred Paling27 June 192924 August 1931
Lords of the TreasuryErnest Thurtle23 October 193024 August 1931
Lords of the TreasuryHenry Charleton13 March 193123 August 1931
Secretary of State for Foreign AffairsArthur Henderson7 June 192924 August 1931
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign AffairsHugh Dalton11 June 1929
Secretary of State for the Home DepartmentJohn Robert Clynes7 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for the Home DepartmentAlfred Short11 June 1929
First Lord of the AdmiraltyA. V. Alexander7 June 1929
Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the AdmiraltyCharles Ammon11 June 1929
Civil Lord of the AdmiraltyGeorge Hall11 June 1929
Minister of Agriculture and FisheriesNoel Buxton7 June 1929
Minister of Agriculture and FisheriesChristopher Addison5 June 1930
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and FisheriesChristopher Addison11 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and FisheriesThe Earl De La Warr5 June 1930
Secretary of State for AirThe Lord Thomson7 June 1929
Secretary of State for AirThe Lord Amulree14 October 1930
Under-Secretary of State for AirFrederick Montague11 June 1929
Secretary of State for the ColoniesThe Lord Passfield7 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for the ColoniesWilliam Lunn11 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for the ColoniesDrummond Shiels1 December 1929
Secretary of State for Dominion AffairsThe Lord Passfield7 June 1929
Secretary of State for Dominion AffairsJames Henry Thomas5 June 1930
Under-Secretary of State for Dominion AffairsArthur Ponsonby11 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for Dominion AffairsWilliam Lunn1 December 1929
President of the Board of EducationSir Charles Philips Trevelyan7 June 1929
President of the Board of EducationHastings Lees-Smith2 March 1931
Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of EducationMorgan Jones11 June 1929
Minister of HealthArthur Greenwood7 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of HealthSusan Lawrence11 June 1929
Secretary of State for IndiaWilliam Wedgwood Benn7 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for IndiaDrummond Shiels11 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for IndiaThe Earl Russell1 December 1929
Under-Secretary of State for IndiaThe Lord Snell13 March 1931
Minister of LabourMargaret Bondfield7 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of LabourJack Lawson11 June 1929
Chancellor of the Duchy of LancasterSir Oswald Mosley7 June 1929
Chancellor of the Duchy of LancasterClement Attlee23 May 1930
Chancellor of the Duchy of LancasterThe Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede13 March 1931
Paymaster GeneralThe Lord Arnold7 June 1929
Paymaster Generalvacant6 March 1931
Minister of PensionsFrederick Roberts7 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensionsvacant
Postmaster GeneralHastings Lees-Smith7 June 1929
Postmaster GeneralClement Attlee2 March 1931
Assistant Postmaster GeneralSamuel Viant7 July 1929
Secretary of State for ScotlandWilliam Adamson7 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for ScotlandThomas Johnston7 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for ScotlandJoseph Westwood25 March 1931
President of the Board of TradeWilliam Graham7 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of TradeWalter Robert Smith11 June 1929
Secretary for Overseas TradeGeorge Gillett7 July 1929
Secretary for MinesBen Turner1 June 1929
Secretary for MinesEmanuel Shinwell5 June 1930
Minister of TransportHerbert Morrison7 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of TransportThe Earl Russell11 June 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of TransportArthur Ponsonby1 December 1929
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of TransportJohn Parkinson1 March 1931
Secretary of State for WarThomas Shaw7 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for WarThe Earl De La Warr11 June 1929
Under-Secretary of State for WarThe Lord Marley5 June 1930
Financial Secretary to the War OfficeEmanuel Shinwell11 June 1929
Financial Secretary to the War OfficeWilliam Sanders5 June 1930
First Commissioner of WorksGeorge Lansbury7 June 1929
Attorney GeneralSir William Jowitt7 June 1929
Solicitor GeneralSir James Melville7 June 1929
Solicitor GeneralSir Stafford Cripps22 October 1930
Lord AdvocateCraigie Aitchison17 June 1929
Solicitor General for ScotlandJohn Charles Watson17 June 1929
Vice-Chamberlain of the HouseholdJohn Henry Hayes24 June 1929
Treasurer of the HouseholdBen Smith24 June 1929
Comptroller of the HouseholdThomas Henderson24 June 1929
Lords in WaitingThe Earl De La Warr18 July 192924 August 1931
Lords in WaitingThe Lord Muir Mackenzie18 July 192922 May 1930

;Notes

Primary sources