Haplogroup O-M175


Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, Madagascar, and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.
The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from China, Korea, and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 and O2 . O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. It's also high in the Melanesian populations of Solomon Islander, Fijians, Moluccas and significant frequencies in some populations Papua New Guinea. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations, Manchu, Mongolians, Koreans, Vietnamese, Malays, Filipinos, Thailand, Polynesians, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic, and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia or East Asia approximately 40,000 years ago.
Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan, even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is believed to be only about 9%. It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries O-M175.
An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along with a single instance of O-MSY2.2, while both O-M50 and O-M95 occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar. O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia. 12% of Uyghurs, 6.8% of Kalmyks, 6.2% of Altaians, 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks 11.4%, Sinte 6.7% and 4.0% of Buryats.
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119, O-M268, and O-M122.

O-M175*

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175 in 31% of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars, Tajiks, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, and Kazakhs . However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175 Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176, and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples. The reported examples of O-M175 Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268* or Haplogroup O-M176.
A study published in 2013 found O-M175 Y-DNA in 1/18 Iranians from Teheran, 2/37 Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.

O-F265 (O1)

O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O-F265 approximately 23,400 YBP. O-F75, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O3-M122 approximately 24,700 YBP. Thus, O-F75 existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O3-M122 for a duration of approximately 1,300 years before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O2-M268.
O-M119 (O1a)
O-M119 is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Tai–Kadai peoples.
O-M268 (O1b)
Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia.
O-F742 (O2b)

Language families and genes

Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages.
The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from and. This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem. It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

ISOGG 2017 tree.

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Citations

Works cited

; Journal articles
; Websites