Etymological dictionary
An etymological dictionary discusses the etymology of the words listed. Often, large dictionaries, such as the Oxford English Dictionary and Webster's, will contain some etymological information, without aspiring to focus on etymology.
Etymological dictionaries are the product of research in historical linguistics. For many words in any language, the etymology will be uncertain, disputed, or simply unknown. In such cases, depending on the space available, an etymological dictionary will present various suggestions and perhaps make a judgement on their likelihood, and provide references to a full discussion in specialist literature.
The tradition of compiling "derivations" of words is pre-modern, found for example in Indian, Arabic and also in Western tradition. Etymological dictionaries in the modern sense, however, appear only in the late 18th century, with the understanding of sound laws and language change and their production was an important task of the "golden age of philology" in the 19th century.
- English
- *Robert K. Barnhart & Sol Steinmetz, eds. Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronx, NY: H. W. Wilson, 1988.
- *Terry F. Hoad. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
- *Ernest Klein. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966-67.
- *C.T. Onions, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
- *Eric Partridge, Origins: A short etymological dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House, 1958.
- Albanian
- *Kolec Topalli. Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe. Durrës: Jozef, 2017.
- *Vladimir Orel. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
- *Eqrem Çabej. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes. 7 vols. Tirana: Akademia et Shkencave e Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1976–2014.
- Armenian
- *Hrachia Acharian. . 4 vols. Yerevan: Yerevan State University, 1971.
- * Guevorg Djahukian. , . Yerevan: International Linguistic Academy, 2010.
- * Hrach K. Martirosyan. Etymological dictionary of the Armenian inherited lexicon. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010.
- Breton
- *Albert Deshayes. Dictionnaire étymologique du breton. Douarnenez: Le Chasse-Marée, 2003.
- Chinese
- *Axel Schuessler. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
- Czech
- *Holub, J., Kopečný, F. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého. Prague: Státní nakladatelství učebnic
- *Machek, Václav. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého. Prague: NLN, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny
- *Holub, J. & S. Lyer. Stručný etymologický slovník jazyka českého se zvláštním zřetelem k slovům kulturním a cizím. Prague: SPN
- *Rejzek, Jiří. Český etymologický slovník. Voznice: LEDA
- Dutch
- *Marlies Philippa, Frans Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim, & Nicoline van der Sijs, eds. Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands. 4 vols. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003–09.
- *Jan de Vries. Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek, 4th edn. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
- Finnish
- * Suomen sanojen alkuperä . 3 vols. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus / Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1992–2000.
- French
- *Alain Rey, ed. Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, 4th edn. 2 vols. Paris: Le Robert, 2016.
- *Emmanuèle Baumgartner & Philippe Ménard. Dictionnaire étymologique et historique de la langue française. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1996.
- *. Dictionnaire étymologique du français. Paris: Le Robert, 1971.
- *Albert Dauzat, Jean Dubois, & Henri Mitterand. Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique et historique, 2nd edn. Paris: Larousse, 1964.
- *Oscar Bloch & Walther von Wartburg. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 2nd edn. Paris: PUF, 1950.
- *Walther von Wartburg & Hans-Erich Keller, eds. Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung des gallormanischen Sprachschatzes. 25 vols. Bonn: Klopp; Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Leipzig–Berlin: Teubner; Basel: R. G. Zbinden, 1922–67.
- German
- *Elmar Seebold, ed. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache , 26th edn. Originally by Friedrich Kluge. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013.
- *Wolfgang Pfeifer, ed. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, 7th edn. Munich: dtv, 2004.
- *Gunther Drosdowsi, Paul Grebe, et al., eds. Duden, Das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache, 5th edn. Berlin: Duden, 2013.
- *Sabine Krome, ed. Wahrig, Herkunftswörterbuch, 5th edn. Originally by Ursula Hermann. Gütersloh–Munich: Wissenmedia, 2009.
- Greek
- *George Babinotis. Ετυµολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας . Athens: Κέντρο λεξικογραφίας, 2010.
- *; Ancient Greek
- **Robert S. P. Beekes. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
- **Pierre Chantraine. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: Histoire des mots, revised 2nd edn. 2 vols. Revised by Jean Taillardat, Olivier Masson, & Jean-Louis Perpillou. Paris: Klincksieck, 2009.
- **Hjalmar Frisk. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–72.
- Hittite
- *Alwin Kloekhorst. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 2008.
- *Jaan Puhvel. Hittite Etymological Dictionary. 10 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1984–present.
- Hungarian
- *Zaicz Gábor. Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete. Budapest: TINTA, 2006.
- *András Róna-Tas & Árpád Berta. West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian. 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011.
- *István Tótfalusi. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár. Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001.
- Icelandic
- *Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon, Íslensk orðsifjabók
- Italian
- *Alberto Nocentini. L’Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana. With the collaboration of Alessandro Parenti. Milan: Mondadori, 2010.
- *Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli. Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd edn. Bologna: Zanichelli, 2004.
- Latin
- *Michiel de Vaan. Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
- *Alois Walde. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd edn. 2 vols. Revised by Johann Baptist Hofmann. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1938–54.
- *Alfred Ernout & Antoine Meillet. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: Histoire des mots, 4th rev. edn. 2 vols. Revised by Jacques André. Paris: Klincksieck, 1985.
- Latvian
- *Konstantīns Karulis. Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca. Rīga: Avots, 1992.
- Lithuanian
- *Ernst Fraenkel, Annemarie Slupski, Erich Hofmann, & Eberhard Tangl, eds. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962–65.
- *Wolfgang Hock et al. Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterburch. 3 vols. Hamburg: Baar Verlag, 2015.
- Old Church Slavonic
- *Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského. 18 vols.. Prague: Academia, 1989–..
- Old Irish
- * Sanas Cormaic, encyclopedic dictionary, 9th or 10th century
- *Joseph Vendryes, E. Bachellery, & Pierre-Yves Lambert. Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien. 7 vols. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies; Paris: CNRC Éditions, 1959–1996.
- Old Prussian
- *Vytautas Mažiulis, Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas, Vilnius.
- Polish
- *Aleksander Brückner, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, 1st edn. Kraków: Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927.
- *Wiesław Boryś, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, 1st edn. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005.
- Portuguese
- *J.P. Machado. Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 3rd edn. 5 vols. Lisbon, 1977.
- *Antonio Geraldo da Cunha. Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1982.
- Russian
- *Vladimir Orel. Russian Etymological Dictionary. 4 vols. Edited by Vitaly Shevoroshkin & Cindy Drover-Davidson. Calgary, Canada: Octavia Press & Theophania Publishing, 2007-2011.
- *Terence Wade. Russian Etymological Dictionary. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1996.
- *Max Vasmer. Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1953-58.
- Sanskrit
- *Manfred Mayrhofer. Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1956–1976.
- *Manfred Mayrhofer. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1992/1998/2001.
- Sardinian
- *Max Leopold Wagner. Dizionario etimologico sardo. 2 vols. Revised by Giulio Paulis. Nuoro: Ilisso, 2008.
- *Massimo Pittau. Dizionario della lingua sarda fraseologico ed etimologico. 2 vols. Cagliari: E. Gasperini, 2000–03.
- Scots
- *John Jamieson, An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, revised 1879–97.
- Serbo-Croatian
- *Alemko Gluhak. Hrvatski etimološki rječnik. Zagreb: August Cesarec, 1993.
- *Petar Skok. Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika . 4 vols. Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, 1971–4.
- Slovene
- *France Bezlaj. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljublana: SAZU, 1977.,
- *Marko Snoj. Slovenski etimološki slovar. Ljublana: Založba Modrijan, 2003.,
- Spanish
- *Joan Corominas. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. 6 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 1980–91
- *Guido Gómez de Silva. Elsevier's Concise Spanish Etymological Dictionary. Amsterdam–NY: Elsevier Sciences, 1985.
- *Edward A. Roberts. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words Based on Indo-European Roots, 2 vols.. Xlibris, 2014.
- Swedish
- *Elof Hellquist. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Lund: Gleerups, 1922-1980.
- *Birgitta Ernby. Norstedts etymologiska ordbok. Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2008.
- Turkish
- *Sevan Nişanyan. Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü. Beyoğlu : Adam, 2002.
- *Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Language families
- Afro-Asiatic
- *Vladimir Orel & Olga V. Stolbova. Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
- Altaic
- *Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, & Oleg Mudrak. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
- Celtic
- *Ranko Matasović. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
- Dravidian
- *Thomas D. Burrows & Murray Barnson Emeneau. A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, 2nd edn. Oxford: Munshirm Manoharlal / Clarendon Press, 1984.
- Germanic
- *Guus Kroonen. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
- *Vladimir Orel. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
- *Frank Heidermanns. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
- Proto-Indo-European
- *George E. Dunkel. Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2014.
- *Dagmar S. Wodtko, Britta Irslinger, & Carolin Schneider. Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2008.
- *Helmut Rix. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben: Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen, 2nd edn. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2001.
- *Julius Pokorny. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2 vols. Tübingen–Berne–Munich: A. Francke, 1957/1969.
- ** Reworking of: Alois Walde & Julius Pokorny. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. 3 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1927–32.
- *Carl Darling Buck. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. University of Chicago Press, 1949.
- Slavic
- *Rick Derksen. Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
- *Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages: Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock. 40 vols.. Moscow: Nauka, 1974–present.
- *Franz Miklosich. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1886. 547 pp.
- Uralic
- *Károly Rédei, ed. Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 3 vols. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1986-91.
Online
Indo-European languages
- – Croatian Etymological Dictionary
- – An Online Etymological Dictionary of the English language compiled by Douglas Harper
- – Ancient Greek Etymological Dictionary by H. Frisk
- – An Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon by Alwin Kloekhorst
- – Indo-European Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
- – Gaelic Etymological Dictionary by A. MacBain
- – Gothic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki
- – Nepali Etymological Dictionary by R. L. Turner
- – Romanian Etymological Dictionary
- – Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer, Heidelberg, 4 volumes
- – Swedish Etymological Dictionary by Elof Hellquist
Afroasiatic languages
- – Afroasiatic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
- – Arabic Etymological Dictionary by ِAlphaya, LTD
- – Arabic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki
- – Hebrew Etymological Dictionary by Isaac Fried
Altaic languages
- – Altaic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
- – Chuvash Etymological Dictionary by M. R. Fedotov
- – Gagauz Etymological Dictionary
- – Mongolian Etymological Dictionary
- – Turkish Etymological Dictionary by Sevan Nişanyan "Sözlerin Soyağacı – Çağdaş Türkçe'nin Etimolojik Sözlüğü"
Austronesian languages
- – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary by R. A. Blust
- – Indonesian Etymological Dictionary by S. M. Zain
- – Maori Etymological Dictionary by E. Tregear
- – Waray Etymological Dictionary
Bantu languages
- – Bantu Etymological Dictionary
- – Swahili Etymological Dictionary
- – Swahili Etymological Dictionary by World Loanword Database
Creole languages and conlangs
- – Bislama Dictionary with etymologies by Andras Rajki
- – Esperanto Etymological Dictionary
- – Morisyen Etymological Dictionary
- – Volapük Dictionary
Uralic languages
- – Uralic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
- – Estonian Etymological Dictionary by Iris Metsmägi, Meeli Sedrik, Sven-Erik Soosaar
- – Finnish Etymological Dictionary
- – Hungarian Dictionary with etymologies by Andras Rajki
- – Saami Etymological Dictionary
Other languages and language families
- – Basque Etymological Dictionary
- – Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow
- – Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary by G. A. Klimov
- – Mayan Etymological Dictionary by T. Kaufman and J. Justeson
- – Munda Etymological Dictionary by D. Stampe & al.
- – North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
- – Thai Etymological Dictionary by M. Haas