1275

By place

Africa

• The troops of the Marinid Dynasty take the city of Algiers, at that time independent.

  Asia

• March - The 200,000 multiethnic troops of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a Chinese Song Dynasty army of 130,000, led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao. The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan Dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards, as he is sent to exile in Fujian by the Song court.
• March 4 - Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China.
• The invading forces of the Yuan Dynasty capture the Song Dynasty city of Suzhou.
• Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
• The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
• Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begins his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem.
• The Japanese era Bun'ei ends, and the Kenji era begins.
• Alamut Castle is temporarily recaptured from the Mongols by a Nizari force under a son of Rukn al-Din Khurshah and a descendant of the Khwarezmshahs.

  Europe

• April 22 - The first Statute of Westminster is passed by the English Parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses.
• June 14 - Battle of Hova: Valdemar, King of Sweden is defeated by his brother Magnus, after which Magnus deposes him.
• July 22 - Magnus is elected the new king of Sweden.
• October 8 - Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
• October 27 - Floris V, Count of Holland, grants the city of Amsterdam freedom from taxes.
• Eleanor de Montfort is captured by sailors in the employ of Edward I of England, to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years, in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
• The Mongol Golden Horde raids Lithuania for the third time.
• Around Ciney, in present day Wallonia, the War of the Cow begins;.
• The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is finished; it began in 1274.

  By topic

Arts

• Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, Roman de la Rose, with a second section.

  Markets

• In Ghent, the first instance is recorded of emission of life annuities by a town in the Low Countries; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in north-western Europe, initiated in 1218 by Reims.

  Technology

• The verge escapement, a simple type of escapement used in clocks, is invented.

  Religion

• Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers, in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers diethyl ether.
• The era of the tosafot ends.