1265

By topic

War and politics

• January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.
• May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.
• June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno
• August 4 – Second Barons' War: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.
• Reconquista: King Alfonso X of Castile captures the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors.
• The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.
• Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.
• In the first major battle in five years, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.

  Culture

• The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.
• The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.
• Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.
• February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.

  By place

Africa and Asia

• The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.
• Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.
• Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.
• India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.