Western Ecuador moist forests


The Western Ecuador moist forests is an ecoregion in the plains and western foothills of the Andes of southern Colombia and Ecuador.
At one time this region contained dense forests with highly diverse flora and fauna, and many endemic species.
Most of the original habitat has now been destroyed, and the ecoregion is one of the most threatened in the world.

Geography

Location

The Western Ecuador moist forests ecoregion covers land to the west of the Andes in Ecuador and southern Colombia.
In the northwest and the extreme southwest the ecoregion extends to the Pacific Ocean.
The ecoregion is bounded on the north by the Patía River.
It extends through the provinces of Esmeraldas, Manabí and Guayas, reaching the Gulf of Guayaquil in the south, and the foothills on the Andes in the east.
It varies in width from.
It has an area of.
In the extreme north the ecoregion transitions into the Chocó-Darién moist forests ecoregion.
To the east it transitions into the Northwestern Andean montane forests.
Along the Pacific coast in some areas there are sections of South American Pacific mangroves, and in others there are sections of Ecuadorian dry forests.
In the south the ecoregion merges into Guayaquil flooded grasslands.

Terrain

The ecoregion covers the coastal plain and reaches into the foothills of the Andes to the east up to an elevation of about.
The region has had strong volcanic activity, with volcanic rocks found throughout the region, alternating with marine sediments from the Tertiary era.
The soils are fertile, particularly in the north-central area, which covers volcanic ash and lapilli.

Climate

The ecoregion receives high rainfall with no significant dry season.
Average annual rainfall is highest in the north, with over and in some areas over.
In the south annual rainfall averages, and in all areas exceeds.
Average annual temperatures vary from, with little change throughout the year.
At a sample location at coordinates the Köppen climate classification is Am.
Mean temperatures range from in July to in April.
Total yearly rainfall is about.
Monthly rainfall ranges from in August to in February.

Ecology

The ecoregion is in the neotropical realm, in the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome.
The forests have many endemic species of plants and animals found only locally on mountain ridges or narrow strips of land.

Flora

Natural fragmentation of the western moist forests has resulted in rapid evolution of new endemic species.
Around 10,000 species of plants have been reported, of which about 2,500 are endemic.
The forest has a dense canopy that exceeds in height, and has many lianas and epiphytes, including many endemic species.
Epiphytes of the Araceae and Cyclanthaceae families are abundant on the lower trunks of the trees.
There are also mosses, lichens, ferns and palms in the dense understory.
1,250 species of plants in 136 families have been found in a single area of.
According to a 1990 report, 122 new orchid species had recently been identified.
43 of the species are endemic.
Emergent species, which may exceed in height, include the strangler fig.
Large, dominant canopy trees include Brosimum utile, Carapa guianensis, Guarea kunthiana and Virola dixonii.
Other trees include Clarisia racemosa, Matisia coloradorum, Pourouma chocoana, Pouteria species, Pseudolmedia eggersii and Symphonia globulifera.
The endemic tree Humiriastrum procerum grows to the north of the Guayllabamba River, and is often logged for use in construction.
Common understory species include the Iriartea deltoidea and Wettinia quinaria palms.
Rare species such as Dicliptera dodsonii are found at the Río Palenque Scientific center in Esmeraldas.
There are records of rare or extinct flora such as Carapa megistocarpa and Erythrochiton carinatus.

Fauna

According to a 1990 report, 5 new mammal species had recently been identified.
The jaguar is endangered.
Other endangered mammals include Baird's tapir, equatorial dog-faced bat and Geoffroy's spider monkey.
Endangered reptiles include Boulenger's least gecko, green sea turtle and hawksbill sea turtle.
The American crocodile is also threatened.
650 species of birds were identified in a 1993 survey, of which many are threatened.
Species found in the most humid areas include the Baudo guan, Berlepsch's tinamou, blue-whiskered tanager, brown wood rail, crowned woodnymph, El Oro parakeet, El Oro tapaculo, indigo flowerpiercer, long-wattled umbrellabird and scarlet-breasted dacnis.
Species found in less humid areas include grey-backed hawk, ochraceous attila and rufous-headed chachalaca.
Humboldt's sapphire is found only in the mangroves to the north.
Species that have almost been wiped out due to hunting and habitat fragmentation include
crested guan, great curassow, great green macaw, great tinamou and harpy eagle.
Endangered birds include banded ground cuckoo, Baudo guan, Esmeraldas woodstar, great green macaw, grey-backed hawk, grey-cheeked parakeet, rufous-brown solitaire and slaty becard.
Endangered amphibians include Rio Pescado stubfoot toad, elegant stubfoot toad, phantasmal poison frog, horned marsupial frog, Pichincha rocket frog , Pristimantis colomai, spring robber frog, Alto Tambo rain frog, hotel robber frog, blue-spotted toad and Rio Pitzara robber frog.

Status

The World Wide Fund for Nature gives the region the status of "Critical/Endangered".
Construction of highways and exploration for oil between 1960 and 1980 caused the destruction of most of the moist forests, now one of the most threatened of the world's habitats.
Ongoing main threats come from banana plantations and palm oil and rubber extraction.
Most of the moist forests in the ecoregion are in the Esmeraldas province between the San Lorenzo Canton south of the Chocó forests of Colombia and Quinindé. There are only small remnants of the original forest elsewhere in the region, and these are degraded near their margins.
There are fairly well preserved narrow strips of forest parallel to the mountains in the north, but these are being damaged by settlements and indiscriminate logging.
There is some protection in the Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve, and the highlands from are within the Machalilla National Park.
The Rio Palenque Scientific Station contributes to research and protection.