Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft


The lifetime of British writer, philosopher, and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft encompassed most of the second half of the eighteenth century, a time of great political and social upheaval throughout Europe and America: political reform movements in Britain gained strength, the American colonists successfully rebelled, and the French revolution erupted. Wollstonecraft experienced only the headiest of these days, not living to see the end of the democratic revolution when Napoleon crowned himself emperor. Although Britain was still revelling in its mid-century imperial conquests and its triumph in the Seven Years' War, it was the French revolution that defined Wollstonecraft's generation. As poet Robert Southey later wrote: "few persons but those who have lived in it can conceive or comprehend what the memory of the French Revolution was, nor what a visionary world seemed to open upon those who were just entering it. Old things seemed passing away, and nothing was dreamt of but the regeneration of the human race."
Part of what made reform possible in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century was the dramatic increase in publishing; books, periodicals, and pamphlets became much more widely available than they had been just a few decades earlier. This increase in available printed material helped facilitate the rise of the British middle class. Reacting against what they viewed as aristocratic decadence, the new professional middle classes, offered their own ethical code: reason, meritocracy, self-reliance, religious toleration, free inquiry, free enterprise, and hard work. They set these values against what they perceived as the superstition and unreason of the poor and the prejudices, censorship, and self-indulgence of the rich. They also helped establish what has come to be called the "cult of domesticity", which solidified gender roles for men and women. This new vision of society rested on the writings of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers such as Adam Smith, who had developed a theory of social progress founded on sympathy and sensibility. A partial critique of the rationalist Enlightenment, these theories promoted a combination of reason and feeling that enabled women to enter the public sphere because of their keen moral sense. Wollstonecraft's writings stand at the nexus of all of these changes. Her educational works, such as her children's book Original Stories from Real Life, helped inculcate middle-class values, and her two Vindications, A Vindication of the Rights of Men and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, argue for the value of an educated, rational populace, specifically one that includes women. In her two novels, ' and ', she explores the ramifications of sensibility for women.
The end of the eighteenth century was a time of great hope for progressive reformers such as Wollstonecraft. Like the revolutionary pamphleteer Thomas Paine and others, Wollstonecraft was not content to remain on the sidelines. She sought out intellectual debate at the home of her publisher Joseph Johnson, who gathered leading thinkers and artists for weekly dinners, and she traveled extensively, first to be a part of the French revolution and later to seek a lost treasure ship for her lover in what was then exotic Scandinavia, turning her journey into a travel book, Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. After two complicated and heart-rending affairs with the artist Henry Fuseli and the American adventurer Gilbert Imlay, Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Together, they had one daughter: Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 due to complications from this birth, leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. Today, she is most often remembered for her political treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and is considered a foundational feminist philosopher.

Timeline

1750s

1760s

YearWollstonecraftLiteratureHistory
1760
  • June - James Macpherson allegedly translates, but himself actually writes, poems by Ossian; published as Fragments of Ancient Poetry collected in the Highlands of Scotland
  • Publication of the first volume of Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy
  • April - Tacky's Slave Revolt in Jamaica
  • 25 October - George III ascends to the throne of Britain
    • 1761
  • Birth of Henry Woodstock Wollstonecraft
  • Publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's novel Julie, or the New Heloise
    • 1762
  • Publication of Rousseau's treatise '
  • Publication of Rousseau's treatise The Social Contract
  • Publication of Lord Kames's treatise Elements of Criticism
    • 1763
  • Birth of Elizabeth Wollstonecraft
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Epping Forest
  • February - Seven Years' War ends with the Treaty of Paris
  • April - Radical journalist John Wilkes is arrested for criticizing George III
    • 1765
  • Birth of Everina Wollstonecraft
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Barking
  • Publication of Johnson's collected works of Shakespeare
  • Publication of Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, widely considered the first Gothic novel
  • Publication of William Blackstone's treatise Commentaries on the Laws of England
  • March - Riots erupt in American colonies after the British parliament levies the stamp tax
    • 1766
  • Publication of Rousseau's autobiography, Confessions
  • Publication of Oliver Goldsmith's novel The Vicar of Wakefield
    • 1768
  • Birth of James Wollstonecraft
  • October - The Wollstonecraft family moves to Beverley, Yorkshire
  • Wollstonecraft meets Jane Arden, her first intimate friend
  • Publication of Laurence Sterne's novel A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy
  • James Cook voyages to Australia and New Zealand
  • Joshua Reynolds founds the Royal Academy in Britain
    • 1769'''
  • David Garrick's Shakespeare Jubilee celebration at Stratford-on-Avon

    • 1770s

    YearWollstonecraftLiteratureHistory
    1770
    • Birth of Charles Wollstonecraft
  • Publication of Goldsmith's poem The Deserted Village
  • Publication of Part I of Goethe's play Faust
  • January - Frederick, Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain
    • 1771
  • Publication of the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
  • Richard Arkwright opens the first cotton mill in Cromford, Derbyshire, England
    • 1772
  • December - Publication of Anna Laetitia Barbauld's Poems
  • December - Publication of Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose by Barbauld and her brother, John Aikin
  • 22 June - Slavery is effectively outlawed in England
    • 1773
  • 16 December - American colonists protest British policies by dumping tea into Boston Harbor
    • 1774
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Hoxton
  • Wollstonecraft meets Mr. and Mrs. Clare, who provide a second home for her and educate her
  • Through the Clares, Wollstonecraft first meets Fanny Blood, for whom she will develop deep feelings
  • Publication of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther
  • May - Louis XVI ascends to the throne of France
  • Warren Hastings becomes the first Governor-General of India
    • 1775
  • 18 April - The American Revolution begins with the Battle of Lexington
  • James Watt invents the steam engine
    • 1776
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Laugharne, Wales
  • Publication of Adam Smith's treatise Wealth of Nations
  • Publication of the first volume of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
    • 1777
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Walworth, London
  • Richard Brinsley Sheridan's play The School for Scandal opens at Drury Lane Theatre
    • 1778
  • Wollstonecraft's first job - paid companion to Mrs. Sarah Dawson in Windsor and Bath
  • Publication of Frances Burney's novel Evelina
  • Publication of Barbauld's reading primer Lessons for Children
    • 1779
  • Publication of Johnson's Lives of the Poets

    • 1780s

    YearWollstonecraftLiteratureHistory
    1780
    • Wollstonecraft's parents and younger siblings move to Enfield
  • 2-11 June - Gordon Riots in London, protesting the Catholic Relief Act
  • Major John Cartwright founds the radical Society for Constitutional Information
    • 1781
  • Autumn - Wollstonecraft returns home to nurse her ill mother
  • Publication of Barbauld's Hymns in Prose for Children
  • 19 October - French and American forces defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown, effectively ending the American War of Independence
    • 1782
  • 19 April - Wollstonecraft's mother dies
  • Wollstonecraft's father remarries and moves to Wales
  • Wollstonecraft moves to Walham Green to live with Fanny Blood and her family
  • 20 October - Eliza, Wollstonecraft's sister, marries Meredith Bishop
  • Publication of Burney's novel Cecilia
    • 1783
  • 10 August - Eliza gives birth to a daughter and develops postpartum depression
  • Wollstonecraft's second job - starts school in Islington
  • 3 September - Treaty of Versailles signed, formally ending the American Revolution
  • 21 November - The Montgolfier brothers of France launch the first manned hot-air balloon
  • December - William Pitt becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain
    • 1784
  • At the instigation of Wollstonecraft, Eliza leaves her husband and child
  • Wollstonecraft's school moves from Islington to Newington Green; Eliza, Everina, and Fanny help teach
  • Wollstonecraft becomes friends with the minister Richard Price
  • Wollstonecraft meets author Samuel Johnson
  • Pitt's India Act gives the British Crown the power to guide Indian politics
    • 1785
  • February - Fanny Blood marries Hugh Skeys in Lisbon
  • Wollstonecraft travels to Lisbon
  • November - Fanny gives birth to a child and dies shortly thereafter
  • December - Wollstonecraft returns to London
  • Publication of William Cowper's poem The Task
    • 1786
  • Wollstonecraft's school in Newington Green fails due to financial difficulties
  • August - Wollstonecraft's third job - governess to the Anglo-Irish Kingsborough family
  • Wollstonecraft begins work on her conduct book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters
  • December - Shays' Rebellion
  • Beginning of impeachment proceedings against Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India
    • 1787
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's first book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters by Joseph Johnson
  • Wollstonecraft travels with the Kingsboroughs to Bristol where she writes her first novel, ', and the fragment "Cave of Fancy"
  • August - Wollstonecraft is dismissed from her governess position by Lady Kingsborough
  • Wollstonecraft returns to London
  • Wollstonecraft's fourth job - translator, reader, reviewer, and editorial assistant for Joseph Johnson and Thomas Christie's Analytical Review
  • Through Johnson, Wollstonecraft meets political reformer Thomas Holcroft, artist and writer Henry Fuseli, radical Joel Barlow, linguist and reformer John Horne Tooke, and writer Anna Laetitia Barbauld
  • 13 May - First fleet of convicts sails to penal colony in Australia from Britain
  • 22 May - Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade is formed in Britain
    • 1788
  • May - Analytical Review begins publication
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's first novel, ', by Johnson
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's children's book, Original Stories from Real Life, by Johnson
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Jacques Necker's Of the Importance of Religious Opinions by Johnson
  • 1 January - First edition of The Times of London is published
  • Publication of Charlotte Smith's novel Emmeline
  • November - Beginning of the Regency Crisis, caused by George III's madness
    • 1789
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's anthology, The Female Reader, by Johnson
  • Wollstonecraft becomes romantically involved with the artist and writer Henry Fuseli
  • 29 April - Publication of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, an autobiography by a former slave
  • Publication of William Blake's poems Songs of Innocence
  • 20 June - Tennis Court Oath taken by the French National Assembly
  • 14 July - Storming of the Bastille in Paris
  • 26 August - The French Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
  • 5-6 October - "October days"; Parisian women, unable to buy bread, march to Versailles and bring the royal family back to Paris
  • 4 November - Richard Price gives his sermon "A Discourse on the Love of Our Country" at a meeting of the London Revolution Society, to which Burke would respond a year later, igniting the Revolution Controversy in Britain
  • December - End of the Regency Crisis

    • 1790s

    YearWollstonecraftLiteratureHistory
    1790
    • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Maria Geertruida van de Werken de Cambon's Young Grandison by Johnson
    • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Christian Gotthilf Salzmann's Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children, illustrated by William Blake, by Johnson
    • 29 November - Publication of the first edition Wollstonecraft's treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Men by Johnson
    • 18 December - Publication of the second edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Men, with Wollstonecraft's name on the title page, by Johnson
    • Wollstonecraft temporarily adopts Ann, a seven-year-old relative of Hugh Skeys
  • 1 November - Publication of Edmund Burke's treatise Reflections on the Revolution in France
  • Publication of Helen Maria Williams's Letters from France
  • Motions for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts withdrawn
  • Breach between Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox over the French Revolution
    • 1791
  • 1 September - Publication of the second edition of Wollstonecraft's Original Stories from Real Life, with illustrations by William Blake, by Johnson
  • September - Wollstonecraft begins writing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
  • November - Wollstonecraft first meets William Godwin at one of Johnson's famous dinners; they dislike each other
  • Wollstonecraft has her portrait painted by John Opie
  • February-March - Publication of Part I of Thomas Paine's pamphlet Rights of Man
  • Publication of Elizabeth Inchbald's novel A Simple Story
  • Publication of James Boswell's Life of Johnson
  • Publication of Ann Radcliffe's novel The Romance of the Forest
  • Publication of Erasmus Darwin's poems The Botanic Garden
  • Publication of Smith's novel Celestina
  • 19 April - The British parliament rejects William Wilberforce's bill to abolish the slave trade
  • 14-17 July - Priestley Riots; rioting aimed at religious Dissenters in Birmingham
  • August - 100,000 slaves and ex-slaves revolt against planters and the local government in French-controlled San Domingo, the wealthiest colony of the West Indies and main source of sugar and coffee in Europe
    • 1792
  • January - Publication of Wollstonecraft's treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Johnson
  • February - Wollstonecraft meets Talleyrand, to whom she dedicated the Rights of Woman
  • Wollstonecraft falls in love with Henry Fuseli
  • Wollstonecraft, Fuseli, and his wife come to an emotional crisis
  • December - Wollstonecraft leaves for Paris
  • Wollstonecraft meets revolutionary Thomas Paine and writer Helen Maria Williams in Paris
  • Commissioned by friend and artist William Roscoe, Wollstonecraft's portrait is painted by an unknown artist
  • Publication of Robert Bage's novel Man As He Is
  • Publication of Hannah More's pamphlet Village Politics
  • Publication of Smith's novel Desmond
  • 25 January - The London Corresponding Society formed under the leadership of Thomas Hardy
  • 7 March - Sierra Leone is established under British rule as a home for former slaves
  • 10 August - Attack on the Tuileries Palace leads to the deposition of Louis XVI and the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly
  • 2-6 September - "September Massacres"; 12,000 political prisoners murdered in France
  • 21 September - Newly elected National Convention abolishes the monarchy and officially declares France a Republic
  • 20 November - John Reeves founds the Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers in Britain in response to the French Revolution and the London Corresponding Society
  • 18 December - Paine is found guilty of seditious libel for the Rights of Man and sentenced to death in Britain
    • 1793
  • Wollstonecraft meets and falls in love with American adventurer Gilbert Imlay in France
  • Wollstonecraft registers as Imlay's wife at the United States embassy in France for protection during the Reign of Terror
  • June - Wollstonecraft moves from Paris to Neuilly to escape the revolutionary violence
  • September - Wollstonecraft, now pregnant, returns to Paris
  • 14 February - Publication of Godwin's treatise Political Justice
  • Publication of Smith's novel The Old Manor House
  • 21 January - Execution of Louis XVI
  • 1 February - France declares war on England
  • 11 March - Civil war erupts in France with the revolt in the Vendée
  • July - Beginning of the Reign of Terror in France
  • 16 October - Execution of Marie Antoinette
    • 1794
  • January - Wollstonecraft moves to Le Havre, France
  • 14 May - Birth of Wollstonecraft and Imlay's daughter, Fanny Imlay, in Le Havre
  • Imlay returns to England, leaving Wollstonecraft and their daughter alone
  • December - Publication of Wollstonecraft's An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution in London
  • 28 May - Publication of Godwin's novel Caleb Williams
  • Publication of Blake's poems Songs of Experience
  • Publication of Paine's treatise The Age of Reason
  • Publication of Radcliffe's novel The Mysteries of Udolpho
  • 4 February - France abolishes slavery in its colonies
  • 7 May - Habeas corpus is suspended in Britain
  • Late July - Robespierre is executed and the Reign of Terror ends
  • November - British radicals are acquitted at the 1794 Treason Trials
    • 1795
  • April - Wollstonecraft returns to London to join Imlay and learns of his infidelity
  • May - Wollstonecraft's first suicide attempt; she is saved by Imlay
  • June-September - Wollstonecraft journeys to Scandinavia on business for Imlay
  • October - Wollstonecraft's second suicide attempt; she jumps off Putney Bridge into the River Thames and is saved by strangers
  • Hannah More begins publishing the Cheap Repository Tracts to counteract radical publications
  • 29 October - On the way to parliament, George III is attacked by a hungry mob
  • 18 December - Seditious Meetings Act and Treasonable Practices Act passed
  • Methodists secede from the Church of England
  • The Famine Year
    • 1796
  • January - Publication of Wollstonecraft's Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark by Johnson
  • 21 August - Wollstonecraft begins affair with William Godwin
  • Wollstonecraft starts to write '
  • Publication of Bage's novel Hermsprong
  • Publication of Mary Hays's novel Memoirs of Emma Courtney
  • Publication of Barbauld and Aikin's children's series Evenings at Home
  • Publication of Burney's novel Camilla
  • Publication of Matthew Lewis's novel The Monk
  • December - Failed at Bantry Bay, West Cork, Ireland
  • Failure of between Britain and France
    • 1797
  • John Opie paints Wollstonecraft's portrait
  • 29 March - Wollstonecraft and Godwin marry; they lose friends because it is revealed that Wollstonecraft was never married to Imlay
  • 30 August - Birth of Wollstonecraft and Godwin's daughter, Mary Shelley, future author of Frankenstein
  • 10 September - Death of Mary Wollstonecraft from complications in childbirth
  • 20 November - Publication of the first issue of the ministerial journal, the Anti-Jacobin Review
  • Publication of Godwin's The Enquirer
  • Publication of Radcliffe's novel The Italian
  • February - Bank of England suspends cash payments
  • April-June - Naval mutinies occur at Spithead and the Nore
  • Failure of in Wales
    • 1798'
  • Publication of Posthumous Works of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman, edited by Godwin
  • Publication of Godwin's Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the first biography of Wollstonecraft; Godwin's openness regarding her love affairs destroyed her reputation for a century
  • June - Publication of Thomas Robert Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population
  • Publication of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poems Lyrical Ballads
  • Publication of Richard Lovell and Maria Edgeworth's treatise Practical Education
  • Publication of Smith's novel The Young Philosopher''
  • 26 May - Society of United Irishmen rebel against British rule in Ireland
  • August-September -
  • 1 August - Horatio Nelson's victory at the Battle of the Nile
  • Joseph Johnson and Gilbert Wakefield are imprisoned for seditious libel