Shang Rang


Shang Rang was a major follower of Huang Chao, an agrarian rebel leader against the rule of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, and carried prominent titles after Huang declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi. As Huang neared defeat in 884, Shang turned against him and submitted to the Tang general Shi Pu, and participated in the final destruction of Huang's army. Shang himself was later killed by Shi.

Background

It is not known when Shang Rang was born. He had at least one older brother, Shang Junzhang, who, along with Wang Xianzhi, rose in rebellion against Tang Dynasty in 874 at Changyuan. Shang Rang probably followed his brother in this rebellion, and he, either at that time or subsequently, became a follower of Wang's as well.

Service under Wang Xianzhi

As of 876, Shang Rang was a major agrarian rebel commander, as it is known that that year, Yang Fuguang the eunuch monitor of the army Emperor Xizong sent against Wang Xianzhi, reported that Shang Rang had occupied Mount Chaya, forcing the imperial forces sent against him to withdraw to Deng Prefecture.
Late in 876, Wang, through the Tang official Wang Liao, the cousin or brother of the chancellor Wang Duo, and Pei Wo the prefect of Qi Prefecture, was negotiating a peaceful submission to Tang authority. Under Wang Duo's insistence, Emperor Xizong commissioned Wang Xianzhi an officer of the imperial Left Shence Army and delivered the commission to Qi Prefecture. However, Wang Xianzhi's ally Huang Chao angrily objected, causing the rebel army to turn against the peace agreement. Wang Xianzhi, fearing the wrath of his own army, turned against Pei and pillaged Qi Prefecture. However, afterwards, the rebel army broke up into two groups, with one group following Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang, and one group following Huang. Presumably, Shang Rang continued to follow Wang Xianzhi and his brother Shang Junzhang at this point, although soon thereafter, Shang Rang joined forces with Huang at Mount Chaya.
Yang, however, continued to negotiate with Wang Xianzhi, and in late 877, the talks had progressed to such a point that Wang Xianzhi sent Shang Junzhang to Yang's camp to negotiate further. However, the Tang general Song Wei, who was against the negotiations, ambushed Shang Junzhang's party and took him and the other rebels on the way to Yang's camp captive. He then submitted a report to Emperor Xizong claiming to have captured Shang Junzhang and the others in battle. Despite Yang's petition contradicting Song's claims and clarifying that Shang Junzhang and the others were negotiating, Emperor Xizong executed Shang Junzhang and the others, causing Wang Xianzhi to break off the negotiations.
In spring 878, the Tang general Zeng Yuanyu defeated Wang Xianzhi and killed him in battle. Shang Rang took Wang Xianzhi's remnants and joined forces with Huang, serving under Huang thereafter.

Service under Huang Chao

Before Huang's claim of imperial title

At the time that Shang Rang joined Huang Chao, Huang Chao was sieging Bo Prefecture. Shang supported Huang as the leader of the movement, and Huang subsequently claimed the title of Chongtian Dajiangjun and changed the era name to Wangba, to show independence from the Tang regime.
Shang subsequently followed Huang in his marauding south to modern Guangdong and then return north in 879. He participated in Huang's battle against the Tang general Li Xi at Tan Prefecture, in which Huang crushed Li Xi's troops. Shang subsequently, with an army that claimed to be 500,000 strong, attacked Jiangling, causing Wang Duo, then overseeing the operations against Huang, to flee Jiangling. Subsequently, Huang and Shang attacked Shannan East Circuit, but were defeated by the Tang military governor of Shannan East, Liu Jurong and another Tang general, Cao Quanzhen. Huang and Shang fled, but Liu and Cao failed to give chase, allowing Huang and Shang to regroup.
By late 880, Huang had crushed all Tang defense on his path to the Tang capital Chang'an, causing Emperor Xizong to flee to Chengdu. When Huang entered Chang'an, Shang declared to the people of Chang'an:
Despite Shang's declaration, Huang's rebel soldiers often pillaged the city, and neither Huang nor Shang was able to stop them. Soon thereafter, Huang claimed imperial title and declared a new state of Qi. He gave Shang the titles of Taiwei and Zhongshu Ling.

During Huang's state of Qi

As the Tang general Zheng Tian continued to resist Qi at the nearby Fengxiang Circuit, in spring 881, Huang Chao sent Shang Rang and Wang Bo, with 50,000 troops, to attack Zheng. The Qi forces took Zheng lightly, considering Zheng a civilian who did not know military matters, and Zheng, along with Tang Hongfu, laid a trap for Qi troops at Longwei Slope, crushing them there.
Meanwhile, at Chang'an, an anonymous person wrote poems satirizing the Qi officials at the executive bureau. Shang, in anger, gouged out the eyes of the government workers who were on duty and hung them upside down, while arresting all in the city who were capable of writing poetry, putting some 3,000 of them to death.
Soon thereafter, Tang forces under the commands of Tang Hongfu, Wang Chongrong, Wang Chucun, Tuoba Sigong, and Zheng surrounded Chang'an, and Huang briefly withdrew from Chang'an. However, once Tang forces entered Chang'an, they began pillaging the city and were bogged down in their progress. Huang thus counterattacked and retook the city, dealing Tang forces heavy losses. Subsequently, Tang and Qi forces repeatedly engaged in battles outside the city with indecisive results. In one of those battles in fall 881, Shang joined forces with Zhu Wen to repel the Tang generals Li Xiaochang and Tuoba at the East Wei River Bridge, near Chang'an. However, when Shang attacked Yijun Camp in fall 882, he encountered a serious snowstorm, causing some 20-30% of his army to freeze to death.
By spring 883, Tang forces, with the Shatuo chieftain Li Keyong joining the Tang cause, were again pressuring the Qi forces at Chang'an. Shang commanded some 150,000 Qi soldiers and engaged the forces of Li Keyong, Wang Chongrong, Wang Chucun, and Yang Fuguang. The Qi forces were crushed. Meanwhile, the Qi generals Wang Fan and Huang Kui recaptured Hua Prefecture, but Li Keyong then put it under siege. Huang Chao thus sent Shang to Hua Prefecture, trying to lift the siege. Soon thereafter, however, Huang Chao abandoned the Chang'an region entirely and fled east, and it appeared that Shang followed him.
As Huang Chao marched east, he put Chen Prefecture under siege. Shang was by this point stationing his troops at Taikang. Huang had Chen Prefecture under siege for 10 months, but was unable to capture it. Meanwhile, Li Keyong arrived with several other circuits' troops and attacked Shang, capturing Taikang, as well as Xihua, defended by Huang's brother Huang Siye, forcing Shang and Huang Siye to flee. Only then did Huang Chao become apprehensive and abandon the siege on Chen Prefecture.
Huang Chao then changed target, deciding to attack Bian Prefecture, where Zhu Wen — who had by this point submitted to Tang and was serving as Tang's military governor of Xuanwu Circuit, and had changed his name to Zhu Quanzhong — was. Shang took 5,000 cavalry soldiers and made the initial attack on Bian Prefecture, but he was fought off by Zhu's officers Zhu Zhen and Pang Shigu. Li Keyong, hearing that Huang was attacking Bian Prefecture, quickly followed, and crushed the Qi forces as they were crossing the Yellow River north. Shang surrendered to Shi Pu the military governor of Ganhua Circuit, one of the Tang generals participating in the campaign.

Submission to Tang and death

Shang Rang then came under Shi Pu's command, and Shi sent Li Shiyue and Shang to chase after Huang Chao. They caught up with Huang at Xiaqiu and crushed his forces. Nearly all of Huang's forces were eliminated by this point, and he fled into Langhu Valley. Huang's nephew Lin Yan then killed Huang, his brothers, his wife, and his children, and tried to surrender with their heads, but were on the way killed by Tang soldiers, who presented his, as well as their, heads to Shi.
What happened to Shang thereafter was not clearly stated in historical resources, but at some point, it was said that Shi killed him, and his wife Lady Liu became a concubine of Shi's — yet later becoming Zhu Quanzhong's concubine, and then the wife of Zhu's trusted subordinate Jing Xiang.