The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamilyPyraloidea. In many classifications, the grass moths are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis, in Kristensen retains the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea. The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm with variable morphological features. It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.
Relationship with humans
Most of these small moths are inconspicuous. Many are economically important pests, including waxworms, which are the caterpillar larvae of the greater and lesser wax moths. They are natively pests of beehives, but are bred indoors in enormous numbers as live food for small reptile and bird pets and similar animals. They are also used as fishing bait for trout fishing. Other notable snout moth pests relevant for their larval hosts include:
Southern pine coneworm, "pitch moth" - cone and shoot pest of pines ; southern North America.
Stored nut moth - pest of stored nuts and drupes; Southeast Asia, introduced to Western Europe.
Sunflower moth - pest of sunflower seeds; Europe and surrounding regions.
The European corn borer and southern cornstalk borer, formerly considered snout moths, are placed in the Crambidae which, as noted above, are usually regarded as a separate family today.
Systematics
Five subfamilies are generally recognized in the Pyralidae today. The Acentropinae, occasionally still placed here, do indeed seem to belong in the Crambidae. The snout moth subfamilies are, listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence from the most primitive to the most advanced:
Chrysauginae - about 400 species occurring predominantly in the Neotropical region. Larvae typically feed on plants, but some have more unusual feeding habits. The latter include for example some myrmecophilous species, as well as a number of sloth moths which are dependent on sloths for their entire life cycle. Most Chrysauginae larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the metathorax.
Galleriinae - about 300 species worldwide. The males of galleriine moths have a gnathos almost or completely reduced, the pupae have a prominent dorsal median ridge on the thorax and abdomen, and most larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the first abdominal segment.
Pyralinae - rather diverse in the Old World; a lesser number of the roughly 900 species occurs elsewhere. The females of almost all Pyralinae except Cardamyla and Embryoglossa are recognizable by the very short ductus bursae of their genitals.
Epipaschiinae - over 550 described species in the tropical and temperate regions. Larvae are leaf rollers, leaf tiers, or leaf miners. Some species are minor pests of a few commercial crops. Epipaschiinae are generally hard to recognize, except in the case of adult males which have a few characteristic traits, such as the upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palps and usually a scaly projection from the antenna base. The larvae lack any stereotyped seta sclerotisations.
Phycitinae - probably the most difficult group of Pyraloidea in terms of identification and classification. They comprise more than 600 genera and about 4000 species found all over the world. The characteristic trait of the caterpillars is a sclerotised area encircling the base of seta SD1 on the mesothorax, while the adult females have - like the males of Pyralidae in general do - a frenulum consisting of a single bristle which in turn is composed of multiple acanthae.
Problematic genera
In addition to those assigned to the tribes above, several genera of Pyralidae are not firmly placed in this arrangement, but are incertae sedis. Some may be very basal lineages which stand outside the main snout moth radiations, but given the changing circumscription of the Pyralidae, some are likely to be placed outside this group in its modern meaning, either in the Crambidae or in other lineages of basal Obtectomera. Some may even belong to more ancient moth lineages, such as the Alucitoidea or Pterophoroidea. Finally, some of these genera possibly are junior synonyms of genera described earlier. These genera are in the unranked category of the family Pyralidae. The genera in question are:
Apocabimoides Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
Ardjuna Roesler & Küppers, 1979
Cabimoides Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
Cryptophycita Roesler & Küppers, 1979
Cryptozophera Roesler & Küppers, 1979
Delcina Clarke, 1986
Eupassadena Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
Gomezmenoria Agenjo, 1966
Gunungodes Roesler & Küppers, 1981
Indocabnia Roesler & Küppers, 1981
Inverina Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
Kasyapa Roesler & Küppers, 1981
Kaurava Roesler & Küppers, 1981
Kumbhakarna Roesler & Küppers, 1981
Merangiria Roesler & Küppers, 1979
Ohigginsia Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
Pseudopassadena Neunzig & Goodson, 1992
Psorozophera Roesler & Küppers, 1979
These genera have been placed in the Pyralidae when these were still circumscribed sensu lato and are sometimes still treated thus, but actually they seem to belong in the Crambidae :
