Place names in Japan


Japanese place names include names for geographic features, present and former administrative divisions, transportation facilities such as railroad stations, and historic sites in Japan. The article Japanese addressing system contains related information on postal addresses.

Administrative level

Most place names are suffixed with its administrative division. These suffixes are often dropped in common usage when no ambiguation is likely. The suffixes are as follows:
Because of the above four suffixes, the prefectures of Japan are commonly referred to as todōfuken. And below the level of prefectures, there are:
These smaller administrative units are collectively referred to as shikuchōson.

Direction

Some names contain a word indicating a direction:
Other names contain a word indicating the relationship of a settlement to another of the same or a similar name:
Geographic features figure prominently in Japanese place names. Some examples are
Other words that express the natural world or agriculture often appear in place names:
Names and parts of names of former provinces appear in many modern place names:
Medieval Japan had many towns that fell into three categories: castle towns, post towns, harbor towns. In addition, the rise of commerce contributed to some place names. Here are some parts of names connected with medieval Japan:
Many names in Hokkaido originated from words in the Ainu language, as people from mainland Japan conquered and colonized Hokkaido in the Edo period and the Meiji period. Examples of geographic features are -nai and -betsu meaning "river", as in the names Wakkanai and Noboribetsu. The name Esashi comes from the Ainu word esaushi, meaning "cape." Some other names come from places in other parts of Japan because in the past people migrated as a group to Hokkaido, and they give the new settlement a name reminiscent of their old home. Examples include Hiroshima and Date, Hokkaido.

Okinawa

Place names in Okinawa Prefecture are drawn from the traditional Ryukyuan languages. Many place names use the unique languages names, while other place names have both a method of reading the name in Japanese and a way to read the name in one of the traditional local languages. The capital city Naha is Naafa in the Okinawan language. Uruma, which was incorporated in 2005, comes from an old name for the Okinawa Island meaning "coral island" and its name is written in hiragana rather than kanji. In Okinawan, nishi meant "north" rather than "west" as it does in standard Japanese, so Nishihara means "northern field" in respect to its position from the old Ryūkyū Kingdom capital at Shuri; in contrast, the Okinawan word for "west" is iri, which appears in the name of Iriomote-jima. Gusuku meaning "castle" is also common in place names in Okinawa, found in Tomigusuku, Nakagusuku, and Kitanakagusuku, among others. Both Chatan and Yomitan turn tani into tan; Chatan also turns kita into "cha" through the Okinawan language.

Encyclopedias for Japanese place names

The following encyclopedias and dictionaries are major research tools for reading and understanding Japanese place names and histories.

Reading placenames

Shin Nihon chimei sakuin Abokkusha.
This is the most comprehensive dictionary for reading place names. Each entry simply lists the reading of place name, its kanji, location, and longitude-latitude coordinate.

Encyclopedias of Place Names

Dai Nihon Chimei Jisho is one of oldest, in 1907-1910, reprint and update version by 1971, published by Buzanbō. The main editor was Tōgo Yoshida Kadokawa Shoten, published in the 1970s-1980s. This is the major encyclopedia for Japanese geographic reference. Each entry includes the history of the place, its population, major happenings in the place, and major buildings such as schools, temples, and churches among others.
Konpakutoban Nihon chimei hyakka jiten Shogakukan in June 1998.
This is the desktop dictionary for geographic reference. It is designed to be easily comprehensible. It includes color maps of entire Japan and detail maps of major Japanese cities; Tokyo, Kyoto-shi, Nara-shi, Osaka-shi, and Nagoya-shi. The index for hard-to-read place names is included at the back of the dictionary.

Place Names in History

Kodai chimei daijiten Kadokawa Shoten
This work lists in gojuon order the place names of ancient Japanese history. The periods range from the Asuka period, Nara period, and Heian period. It especially focuses on the place names from the Man'yōshū poetry anthology and the Fudoki chronicles.

Origins of Place Names

Nihon chimei gogen jiten Shinjinbutsu oraisha
Based on the studies of geography and Japanese ancient words, each entry lists a few sentences about the origin and history of place names in gojuon order.

Citations