Order of the Southern Cross
The National Order of the Southern Cross is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. This order was intended to commemorate the independence of Brazil and the coronation of Pedro I. The name derives from the geographical position of the country, under the constellation of the Southern Cross and also in memory of the name – Terra de Santa Cruz – given to Brazil at the time of European discovery.
History
Originally known as the Imperial Order of the Cross, the Order was created by Emperor Pedro I on the day of his Coronation, 1 December 1822. Also on the same date the first knights of the order were appointed, to commemorate the crowning of the Empire's first monarch. After the proclamation of the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822 other honorific awards had been made, but of the Orders of chivalry shared with Portugal, Brazilian branches of which had been created upon independence; the Order of the Cross, created to mark the Coronation of the Empire's founder, was thus also the first purely Brazilian Order.After the fall of the monarchy, Brazil's first republican Constitution, enacted on 24 February 1891, abolished all titles of nobility and all Imperial Orders and decorations. The Order was later re-established by the government of Getúlio Vargas on December 5, 1932, as the National Order of the Southern Cross.
During the Old Republic period, National Orders did not exist and the Brazilian State bestowed only military medals. Restored in 1932, the Order of the Southern Cross was the first Order to be created in the re-established, republican honours system. It is considered the senior Brazilian National Order.
During the Imperial period, the Order of the Southern Cross was not the highest ranking of the Imperial Orders, as it ranked below the Brazilian branches of the ancient orders of chivalry, that originated with Portugal: the Order of Christ, the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz and the Order of St. James of the Sword. Those Orders were shared by Brazil and Portugal; the Order of Christ was shared with the Holy See similar to the Austrian and a Spanish Orders of the Golden Fleece. However among the Brazilian created Orders, the Imperial Order of the Cross ranked first, having higher status than the Imperial Order of Pedro I and the Imperial Order of the Rose.
The Imperial Order of the Cross continues to be used by both branches of the Brazilian Imperial Family as a House Order, awarded by the rival claimants to the position of Head of the Imperial Family, but such awards are not recognized by the Republic of Brazil.
Just like the Emperors of Brazil were ex officio Grand Masters of the Imperial Order, Presidents of Brazil are ex officio Grand Masters of the successor National Order. Accordingly, President Jair Bolsonaro is the Order's current Grand Master.
Criteria
Unlike the Imperial Order, that was awarded to Brazilians and foreigners alike, the republican National Order is awarded to foreigners only. When the Order was re-established in by presidential decree on January 13, 1932, it was restricted to foreigners only with the stipulation that all awards of the Order constitute an act of foreign relations on the part of the Brazilian Government., eldest daughter of Pedro I of Brazil and sister of Pedro II, wearing the Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross and other orders.
Brazilians were excluded deliberately. In the Old Republic, the State regarded Orders and decorations as contrary to the principles of republicanism, and thus maintained no honours system; the creation of an Order that would admit Brazilians to its ranks was a step too far. However, the Brazilian State also resented the lack of a decoration with which to honour foreign dignitaries, as is sometimes almost required by diplomatic protocol. For instance, during the celebrations of the Centennial of Brazilian Independence in 1922, several foreign dignitaries, including the King and Queen of the Belgians, came to Brazil for the celebrations. The King of the Belgians bestowed Belgian honours to some Brazilians. Brazilian nationals needed authorization from the Government to accept foreign titles of honour, or else face loss of citizenship, and under normal circumstances permission for the acceptance of appointment to Orders of Chivalry would not have been granted. While the government of Brazil relaxed its practice and authorized both accepting induction into foreign Orders and the wearing of foreign insignia, it lacked any decorations with which to reciprocate the Belgian gesture. The National Order of the Southern Cross was intended as an Order that would fill that gap. Today, accepting foreign honours and insignia without the need of prior Government approval is allowed, and several Brazilian Orders have been established to which Brazilians may be admitted, starting with the National Order of Merit, created in 1946. Even so, the governing statutes of the National Order of the Southern Cross have never been reformed, and it thus remains unavailable to Brazilians. Paradoxically, therefore, the Order's Grand Master — the sitting President of the Republic — is never a member of the Order he or she oversees, and the President's connection with the Order is severed once the President leaves office.
The Decree that re-created the Order does not mention the creation of a new Order, but the reestablishment of the old Order of the Southern Cross, that had been "created upon the advent of the political independence of Brazil". This was done to improve the prestige of the Order by linking it with the past, that is, by associating it with an Order that had been created more than one century earlier.
In 1932, the republican version of the Order had the same five grades as the old imperial version. In 1939, by a statute issued on 17 July of that year, the additional grade of the Grand Collar was created. Until the creation of the Grand Collar, awards of which are restricted to Heads of State, the Grand Cross was the Order's highest rank.
Awards of, and promotions in, the National Order of the Southern Cross are made by decree of the President of the Republic, in his capacity as the Order's Grand Master. The decree of appointment or promotion is, like all presidential decrees, published in the Federal Government's Official Journal, and, as per the Order's regulations, the appointment or promotion is also recorded in a book kept by the Order's secretary.
The Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations serves as the Chancellor of the Order, and an officer of the Ministry of Foreign Relations that heads the ceremonial and protocol division serves as the Secretary to the Order. The Order also has a Council, chaired by its Chancellor, that recommends awards and promotions.
Classes
Under its current regulations, the Order consists of the Grand Master and six Classes of members:- Grand Collar: the recipient wears the adorned "Grand Collar", a chain from which the badge of the order is suspended. The recipient is also allowed to combine the wearing of the Grand Collar with any of the following insignia, or with both: the "Star" of the Order ; and the Sash of the Order, that is proper to those of Grand Cross rank. Awards of the Grand Collar are restricted to foreign Heads of State.
- Grand Cross: the recipient wears the Sash of the Order, and the badge of the Order hangs from the bottom part of that sash. The recipient further wears the "star" of the Order, displayed on the left breast.
- Grand Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order around the neck suspended from a blue ribbon necklet, and the star of the order is displayed on the left breast.
- Commander: the recipient wears the badge of the order around the neck, suspended from a blue ribbon necklet.
- Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on left breast suspended from a ribbon with a rosette.
- Knight: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on the left breast suspended from a simple ribbon.
Notable recipients
Foreigners
- 2018 – Benjamin Netanyahu '
- 2017 – Horacio Cartes '
- 2017 – Stefan Zweig ', posthumous award
- 2017 – Mauricio Macri
- 2016 – Rosen Plevneliev '
- 2015 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner '
- 2015 – Enrique Peña Nieto '
- 2014 – Julio de Vido '
- 2013 – José Antonio Abreu '
- 2012 – Emmanuel Macron '
- 2011 – Georgi Parvanov '
- 2011 – María Ángela Holguín '
- 2010 – Bashar al-Assad '
- 2010 – Michel Suleiman '
- 2009 – Nicolas Sarkozy
- 2009 – Arturo Valenzuela '
- 2007 – Anders Fogh Rasmussen
- 2007 – Carl XVI Gustaf '
- 2007 – Silvia Sommerlath '
- 2007 – Henri '
- 2007 – Maria Teresa '
- 2006 – Jacques Diouf '
- 2004 – James Sherwood '
- 2004 – Mohammed VI '
- 2003 – Beatrix '
- 2003 – Harald V '
- 2003 – Sonja Haraldsen '
- 2003 – Yasuo Tanaka '
- 2003 – Ann Hartness '
- 2002 – Ismael Crespo '
- 2002 – Aleksander Kwaśniewski '
- 1999 – Alberto Fujimori '
- 1999 – Albert Fishlow '
- 1999 – Giovanni Sartori '
- 1998 – Ricardo Salgado '
- 1996 – Jacques Chirac '
- 1996 – António Guterres '
- 1996 – Stephan Schmidheiny '
- 1995 – Ronald Venetiaan '
- 1991 - Sofía of Spain
- 1991 – Juan Carlos I '
- 1990 – Václav Havel '
- 1990 – Daisaku Ikeda '
- 1987 – Mário Soares '
- 1984 – Kiyoshi Sumiya '
- 1978 – Charles, Prince of Wales '
- 1976 – Masayoshi Ōhira '
- 1976 – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing '
- 1975 – Nicolae Ceausescu '
- 1974 – Margrethe II '
- 1972 – Hugo Banzer '
- 1972 – Alexander II Karađorđević '
- 1969 – Neil Armstrong '
- 1969 – Michael Collins '
- 1968 – Elizabeth II
- 1965 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi '
- 1964 – Charles de Gaulle '
- 1964 – Felix Grant '
- 1963 – Blaže Koneski
- 1963 – Ivan Rukavina
- 1963 – Josip Broz Tito '
- 1962 – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh '
- 1961 – Che Guevara '
- 1961 – Yuri Gagarin '
- 1960 – Sarit Thanarat '
- 1960 – Bhumibol Adulyadej '
- 1958 – Haile Selassie '
- 1956 – David Rockefeller '
- 1956 – Sukarno '
- 1955 – Hirohito '
- 1954 – Dwight D. Eisenhower '
- 1954 – Vera Weizmann '
- 1952 – Helen Keller '
- 1952 – Eva Perón '
- 1946 – Nelson Rockefeller '
- 1944 – Charles Lyon Chandler
- 1944 – Chiang Kai-shek '
- 1944 – Ira C. Eaker '
- 1944 – Douglas Fairbanks Jr. '
- 1940 – Eleazar López Contreras '
- 1940 – Robert B. Williams '
- 1935 – Jean Batten '
- 1933 – Edward, Prince of Wales '
- 1884 – Nicholas II '
- 1878 – Wilhem II '
- 1873 – Carlos I '
- 1867 – Prince Alfred '
- 1866 – Alexander III '
- 1865 – Maximilian I '
- 1864 – Gaston, Count of Eu '
- 1861 – Luís I '
- 1855 – Pedro V '
- 1852 – Domingo Faustino Sarmiento '
- 1848 – Isabella II '
- 1838 – Fernando II '
- 1830 – Francis II & I '
- 1830 – Marie Louise '
- 1830 – Domingos Sequeira '
- 1826 – John Pascoe Grenfell '
- 1826 – Maria II '
- 1823 – Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
Brazilians
- 1888 – Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto '
- 1876 – José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco '
- 1870 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco '
- 1866 – Francisco Manuel Barroso, Baron of Amazonas '
- 1870 – Deodoro da Fonseca '
- 1869 – Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval '
- 1852 – Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre '
- 1841 – Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias '
- 1841 – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná '
- 1837 – Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda '
- 1824 – Carlos Frederico Lecor, Viscount of Laguna
Cities
- 2016 – Medellín