The general procedure is as follows: the parameterized search distribution is used to produce a batch of search points, and the fitness function is evaluated at each such point. The distribution’s parameters allowthe algorithm to adaptively capture the structure of the fitness function. For example, in the case of a Gaussian distribution, this comprises the mean and the covariance matrix. From the samples, NES estimates a search gradient on the parameters towards higher expected fitness. NES then performs a gradient ascent step along the natural gradient, a second order method which, unlike the plain gradient, renormalizes the update w.r.t. uncertainty. This step is crucial, since it prevents oscillations, premature convergence, and undesired effects stemming from a given parameterization. The entire process reiterates until a stopping criterion is met. All members of the NES family operate based on the same principles. They differ in the type of probability distribution and the gradient approximation method used. Different search spaces require different search distributions; for example, in low dimensionality it can be highly beneficial to model the full covariance matrix. In high dimensions, on the other hand, a more scalable alternative is to limit the covariance to the diagonal only. In addition, highly multi-modal search spaces may benefit from more heavy-tailed distributions. A last distinction arises between distributions where we can analytically compute the natural gradient, and more general distributions where we need to estimate it from samples.
Search gradients
Let denote the parameters of the search distribution and the fitness function evaluated at. NES then pursues the objective of maximizing the expected fitness under the search distribution through gradient ascent. The gradient can be rewritten as that is, the expected value of times the log-derivatives at. In practice, it is possible to use the Monte Carlo approximation based on a finite number of samples Finally, the parameters of the search distribution can be updated iteratively
Natural gradient ascent
Instead of using the plain stochastic gradient for updates, NES follows the natural gradient, which has been shown to possess numerous advantages over the plain gradient, e.g.:
the gradient direction is independent of the parameterization of the search distribution
the updates magnitudes are automatically adjusted based on uncertainty, in turn speeding convergence on plateaus and ridges.
The NES update is therefore where is the Fisher information matrix. The Fisher matrix can sometimes be computed exactly, otherwise it is estimated from samples, reusing the log-derivatives.
Fitness shaping
NES utilizes rank-based fitness shaping in order to render the algorithm more robust, and invariant under monotonically increasing transformations of the fitness function. For this purpose, the fitness of the population is transformed into a set of utility values . Let denote the ith best individual. Replacing fitness with utility, the gradient estimate becomes The choice of utility function is a free parameter of the algorithm.
