Minor league football (gridiron)


There have been professional Football leagues of varying levels since the invention of the sport, and over time the leagues in North America settled into an unofficial hierarchy. There is a major league designation to the National Football League, the Canadian Football League, but contrary to the other major sports in the US no formal development farm system is in use, after the NFL severed ties with all minor league teams in 1948, and again with the cancellation of NFL Europe in 2006.
Over the years there was an attempt to organize a development or farm leagues such as the Association of Professional Football Leagues, and the after-mentioned WLAF/NFL Europe/NFL Europa, but failed to produce profits and cancelled unceremoniously. In the vacuum a lot of ambitious entrepreneurs have been trying to establish rival or alternative/ supplement leagues to the NFL, but beside the AAFC and the AFL that merge with the NFL, none of the other league succeed, particularly because the leagues lack of ability to generate television revenue to keep the league afloat in its first years of existence.
In modern times, the NFL has developed players not ready for the active roster through each team's practice squad, or relied on college football and separate entities like the now-defunct Arena Football League as their feeder organizations. In the last decade, three fledgling pro football leagues - UFL, FXFL and AAF - had hoped to create a relationship with the NFL as some sort of a developmental minor league, but were never able to really gain traction before folding.

History

Early circuits (1890–1919)

While the practice of professional and semi-pro teams playing college and amateur teams was common in the 1890s, in the 20th century, college and professional football began to diverge and college-professional interplay effectively ended after the NCAA formed in 1906. During this time, the most prominent circuit was the Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit, and most winning teams claimed national "professional" football title.
The first attempt to form a pro league was the National Football League of 1902, but despite the name was actually regional league that was only composed of teams from Pennsylvania. The next step came when promoter Tom O'Rourke established the World Series of Football. The series played indoors at New York City's Madison Square Garden and consisted of five teams, three from the state of New York, one from New Jersey, and another team called "New York", but comprising two Philadelphia teams - the Athletics and the Phillies. The 1903 series also featured the Franklin Athletic Club from Pennsylvania.
At the same time, teams from Ohio – namely the Massillon Tigers, the Columbus Panhandles and the Canton Bulldogs – start attracting much of the top professional football talent in America: Harry McChesney, Bob Shiring, the Nesser brothers, Blondy Wallace, Cub Buck and later even Jim Thorpe, and gave rise to the Ohio League. The "league" was actually a circuit – informal and loose association of independent teams playing other local teams and competed for the "Ohio Independent Championship". The group pioneered the concept of playing games on Sundays to avoid competition with college football games, as it was illegal in other states, which eventually became the professional standard.
The Ohio League decade-long monopoly began to lose hold in the 1910s, with the formation of the New York Pro Football League and other associations in the Midwest. The rise in level of play resulted in barnstorming tours between the circuits, which laid the foundations for the first truly national league – The American Professional Football Association in 1920.

The Golden Era

The first minor leagues period of prosperity or "the heyday" started in the 1920s and lasted until the end of World War II. By the '30s, Football was not a fledgling enterprise, but was certainty one when we talk about Pro-Football, as even the National Football League had trouble attracting fans, and was located mostly in the northeastern quarter of the United States. In the vacuum, several regional leagues tried their luck in the pro game, along with flourishing regional circuits of independent teams, recapturing the pro football roots. The era is also considered the best of all time, because the quality of play, as there was only 250 players in the NFL, while the regional leagues could sometimes offer better pay and jobs, and offered black players opportunity to play during the period when they were excluded from all NFL teams.
In 1934 the American Football League was the first true attempt to establish pro football in the American South and Southwest regions. The league was formed by the strongest independent teams in the region, including the Memphis Tigers, who claimed the "national pro championship" in 1929, after beating the NFL champions the Green Bay Packers. The AFL had only one season of competition and folded after only the Memphis Tigers and the Charlotte Bantams completing their respected seasons.
Another strong "South" league was the Dixie League, that represented Mid Atlantic teams. The league was one of the most successful minor leagues in history, playing eight seasons in 11 years, while claiming they're the "highest level minor football league" in the era. Unlike most pro-football minor leagues, the Dixie League had a relative stability in membership until the Pearl Harbor attack forced the league into hiatus. The league returned in 1946, but wasn't the same, and folded altogether in 1947, after playing only one week.
The Dixie League's biggest rival was the American Association football league. The AA was formed by the nucleus of independent teams that played in the New York–New Jersey circuits, and was led by the president Joe Rosentover. The league teams sought relationships with the NFL, and several teams functioned as a farm system for the major NFL teams, like the Newark Bears, Brooklyn Eagles and the Jersey City Giants. The league allowed black players to participate, including the last African-American in the NFL Joe Lillard and most teams scheduled games against the independent Fritz Pollard's Harlem Brown Bombers. The league closed operations during World War II, and after a four-year hiatus, the AA was renamed the American Football League and expanded to include teams in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The league demise is attribute to the fact the NFL severed ties with all minor league teams in 1948.
The last of the "Big Three Leagues" was the Pacific Coast Professional Football League which started in 1940. The roots of pro-football in the west are attribute to the Red Grange barnstorming tour with the Chicago Bears in 1926, as some leagues were formed – Pacific Coast League and American Legion League – but did not lasted long. The PCPFL was formed behind the financial backbone of the sport in California – the Los Angeles Bulldogs – the "best football team in existence outside the NFL", and were the only prominent minor football league that operate during the war years. The league became home to the top African American football talents in the country, including Kenny Washington, Woody Strode, Ozzie Simmons, Mel Reid and briefly even Jackie Robinson during the NFL enforced color barrier. The league played its last season in 1948, two years after the NFL moved the Rams to Los Angeles.
The "Big Three" reached an agreement with the NFL, and in 1946 formed the Association of Professional Football Leagues for a formal farm system with the league. The agreement lasted less than two years, after the NFL cancelled it altogether in 1948. The termination triggered the end of the era.
Other prominent leagues were the Anthracite League, Eastern League of Professional Football, Ohio Valley League, Midwest Football League and the Northwest War Industries League. During the '30s and '40s there was also a strong independent circuits in Greater New York metropolitan area and in the Northeast.

The second wave

The minor leagues experienced renaissance in the 60's and 70's, as their growing relevance occurred concurrently with the AFL and NFL rivalry. Several prominent leagues operated during that period and were mostly regional: The original United Football League lasted from 1961 to 1964 and was concentrated in the Midwest, although we remember it as the first football league to operate teams in both the United States and Canada, as the Quebec Rifles played in the league in 1964.
In 1962 it was quickly joined by the Atlantic Coast Football League from the Northeast, which was run by Joe Rosentover as the previous American Association of the 1930s. When the UFL folded, and the Newark Bears of the ACFL unsuccessfully applied to join the AFL, two new national leagues formed. The first was the North American Football League, which ran from 1965 to 1966, and tried to establish Major league affiliations with either the NFL or the AFL. The second – the Continental Football League, which ran from 1965 to 1971 – was probably the biggest in the era, and attracted the ACFL three best teams: Hartford Charter Oaks, Newark Bears and Springfield Acorns.
The other leagues were the Professional Football League of America which lasted three years and played in the Midwest, and the Texas Football League, which operated in the southern United States. However, both leagues would later merge with the CoFL, as several teams from the PFLA joined the league in 1968, and in 1969 the CoFL announced that the entirety of the eight-team TFL was added to its ranks as a separate division, and were mostly scheduled to play against each other with few inter-league contests.
The two bigger leagues, the CoFL and ACFL had different strategies: the CoFL had "independent" aspirations, while the ACFL was happy as a developmental league and allowed its teams to become farm teams to the AFL and NFL teams.
Over their existence, the CoFL arguably had better talent, that went on to NFL and CFL stardom, but folded after 1971, and plans to take on the Canadian Football League head-to-head were abandoned. Although the revival as the TAFL was largely a failure, the league foreshadowed the future of minor football from now on, as it played its season at the spring to avoid direct competition against other football in the fall.
The ACFL also produced some significant talent and even lasted longer. The league operated continuously through 1971, with a return season in 1973, which played mostly by promoted teams from the lower-level Seaboard Football League. However, the attempted major World Football League sapped both leagues from most of their talent, and forced them to fold by 1974.
During it existence, The Seaboard Football League hovered between a minor league and semi-pro, as some of its players never got paid and other got only $50 per game. Despite that, the league had some notable alumni including: Vince Papale, Jack Dolbin and Klecko. Additionally, the league's claim to fame is that it is the last minor league to play an inter-league exhibition match against an NFL team, when the New York Jets rookies defeated Long Island Chiefs 29–3.
The last minor league attempt in the '70s – the American Football Association, that operated from 1978 to 1983 – was less successful, especially because it struggled to acquire recognizable players and consequentially failed to secure a TV deal. The AFA followed the model set by the TAFL, and played "off-season" schedule during the summer. The formation of the USFL led to a decline in AFA talent, move to a semi-pro status, and a cancellation of the league entirely after the 1983 season.
The development of arena football and the birth of the Arena Football League in 1987 has effectively ended the era, and reduced most outdoor leagues to amateur or semi-pro status.

NFL Europe

After the turmoil in the '80s, the NFL decided to form its own league in 1991 – the World League of American Football – a spring developmental league. For the first time, an American sport league had a European division as part of its 10 team league, while the other teams were located in continental US and Canada. The league was used to test rule changes and technical innovations and supposed to use as a "farm system" for the NFL teams. However, the first two seasons produced low TV ratings, and was put on hiatus until 1995. When it came back, the league was based entirely in Europe, was reduced to six teams and re-branded as NFL Europe.
From then until 2007, the league kept the same format, when the NFL decided to cancel it altogether. Ultimately, the was the longest tenured minor league in history, having lasted for 15 cumulative years, and producing players like the hall of famer Kurt Warner and Superbowl quarterbacks Brad Johnson and Jake Delhomme. Other notable players include: Dante Hall, David Akers, James Harrison, Adam Vinatieri and William Perry.

Modern era

In the late '90s and early 2000s began a wave of new "outside" entrepreneurs that wanted to dip their toes in the evergrowing football market, corresponding with the dot-com boom.
The first league was the Regional Football League that played one season in 1999, and had aspirations to be considered a high-level minor league, as they self-styled themselves as the "Major league of spring football". The league was proposed to begin in 1998, but financial difficulties delayed it by a year, and change the business plans, as it was now a lower-budget league and featured only six teams from mid-size cities that was mostly located at the Southern United States. The league did not prosper, as it failed to secure a television contract, and beside the Mobile, Alabama team, failed miserably at the gate, was forced to play eight-week shortened season and folded altogether at the end. Although in the end the league was unsuccessful, it suggested an interesting wrinkle that future leagues will use, as the players were assigned to teams base of the region where they played in college.
Parallel to the RFL, there were two more separate attempts to start up new leagues. The first, the International Football Federation flopped so miserably it is remembered as the shortest existing league. The second, the Spring Football League, was founded by several ex-NFL players but failed to attract big investors because of the tech-market crash of 2000, and was cancelled after only two weeks.
The next attempt was probably the biggest since the emergence of the AFL in 1960, as NBC and the WWE collaborate to form the XFL in 2001. Although 14 million viewers who tuned in for the first game, the Nielsen ratings was later plummeted because of mediocre football, and triggered NBC to pulled out of its broadcast contract, and the league folded after one season. The league featured several changes in rules and broadcast, and remembered as the one the gave birth to the "Skycam" in sport broadcasting.
From that point on the startup leagues had trouble to attract investors, as there was no proof of concept to a feasible minor league football. During the era five high profile attempts – All American Football League and United National Gridiron League in 2007, New United States Football League with two separate attempts in 2010 and 2014, and the A-11 Football League – never materialize and made it even harder for other future leagues.
The new modern day United Football League was the most prominent league in the era, playing 3½ seasons before folding. The UFL was fairly successful, attracting big crowds in Omaha, Sacramento and Hartford and had plans of expending, while all league games aired on Versus and HDnet, and functioned as a single entity league following the Major League Soccer model. The UFL featured former NFL players and was the first professional fall league other than the National Football League to play in the United States since the mid-1970s. Alas, the league collapsed mid-2012 season, failing to pay the bills after most investors stepped out. The league will be remembered in football lore as the one giving Marty Schottenheimer his only championship as a coach.
The Fall Experimental Football League was the first league that openly embraced the minor league concept, and wanted to become a professional feeder-system for the NFL. The league owner, Brian Woods, wanted his franchises to be primarily based in minor league baseball stadiums, and use the infra-structure in place to attract fans. The FXFL attracted the final NFL roster cuts, for the purpose of keeping them "in football shape, physically and mentally". The league was cancelled after two abbreviated seasons, and was reformatted as the developmental "The Spring League".
Other leagues in the era were the low-level New World Football League and the Stars Football League, as they both survived three season but folded unceremoniously.
In 2018, several strong figures, with connections to the original XFL, entered to the spring-football market with rival leagues. The first was the Alliance of American Football that was founded by Charlie Ebersol and Bill Polian, and began playing in 2019, but ceased operations eight weeks in, as the controlling owner Thomas Dundon decided to pull the plug. The second was the relaunched version of the XFL, as Vince McMahon hired Oliver Luck as commissioner. The league first began play in 2020, with higher success and reception and had aired on ABC/ESPN and Fox Sports. After 5 weeks of play, the XFL announced that its season would end, because of growing COVID-19 pandemic concerns. The league is currently on hiatus, after it filed for bankruptcy and put up for sale by McMahon.
Since 1998, there have been more than 20 football leagues who played an average of 3½ years before folding or merging with others, some never opened. There are three active minor leagues in the US. Two low-level leagues: the Gridiron Developmental Football League and the Rivals Professional Football League, and one developmental league - The Spring League. Two more leagues are in hiatus: the high-level XFL and the developmental Your Call Football.

System and structure

There have been professional football leagues of varying levels since the invention of the sport, trying their turn in the sport's ever-growing market. Over time there was attempts to start a rival major leagues, as the last one was the USFL, but most leagues that followed were high-level minor leagues such as the XFL, the UFL and the AAF. Whether it was "Major" or "Minor", most football leagues were looking to establish teams in untapped potential U.S. big markets.
Most of the minor leagues were separated through the years to three de-facto categories: high-level, low-level and semi-professional leagues. Today there are two more levels: mid-level and developmental leagues.
The categories are usually determined by the following rules: the high-level leagues salary is above median US wage, the mid-level pays around the median wage and the low-level pays around or below the US minimum wage. The developmental leagues don't pay salaries or construct with a non-NFL eligible players, and designed to showcase the players' skills for future opportunities.

Indoor/arena football

The Indoor variation of football also has an unofficial minor-leagues hierarchy, although no league holds a "Major" designation, after the AFL folded. The categories are more fluid, but usually determined by salaries and arena size:
The semi-pro leagues hold a strong place in American football history, but were far more common in the early and mid-20th century than they are today. Football is especially suited for semi-pro play, and most leagues often operate at a semi-professional level due to cost concerns. Contrary to other sports, team rosters are huge – 36+ players on a team, and as many as 14 coaches – so, with the salary and the logistics of getting the team to the games, there is a lot of overhead. Furthermore, because they play only one game per week, the players are able to pursue outside employment.
Over the years, semi-pro leagues attracted college players on the fringe of playing in the NFL who needed to stay in shape, and were effectively a farm system for the NFL. The most notable players are Johnny Unitas who played quarterback, safety and punter on a team called the Bloomfield Rams for $6 a game before joining the Baltimore Colts, and Eric Swann who was the first player to be drafted in the NFL draft first round from a semi pro organization. Another player is Ray Seals, who did not play college football but made his way to the NFL through the semi-pro rank.
The semi-pro leagues role in history is best portrayed in the 1987 24-day NFLPA Strike, when semi-pro players were called as a replacements, after the third week of the NFL season was cancelled. Their stories are documented in the 2017 ESPN film Year of the Scab. The semi-pro demise in football lore is attributed to the flourishing of college football in the '80s, and the subsequently rise in the never-ending talent pool for the NFL to draw from.
The Watertown Red & Black, a semi-professional team that currently plays in the Empire Football League, is the oldest existing football club, tracing its history to 1896.

Minor League Football System

After the decline of the minor leagues in the 1980s, the semi-pro circuit tried to fill that niche. In the summer of 1989 the Minor League Football System was formed, as an attempt to develop a nationwide semi-pro football league. The circuit had aspiration to become a feeder system for the NFL and featured 11 teams, in the same amount of states. Because the "league" did not pay salaries but wanted to attract good local talent, it was established as a temp agency, and offered jobs for players in local communities as well as providing housing solutions during the season. Despite that, they managed to attract decent talent, including ex-NFL players and coaches. After successful first season, the league attracted strong sponsors in Wilson and Gatorade, but two teams folded midway through the second year, while the others stumbled to the finish line and folded altogether in the months that followed, as they were unable to establish a working agreement with the NFL. The league’s commissioner was Roger Wehrli.

Modern circuit

Today, most leagues and independent teams are sanctioned by the , which acts as an organizer of games and playoff tournaments for teams throughout the US, and maintaining a . Another organization is the that ranks the top 25 semi-pro/amateur teams in the country, and attempts to crown the annual "National Champion" at the USA Bowl. The last association is the , that tries to divide the existing leagues to AAA and AA class-levels.
The prominent present-day leagues in the "Adult Amateur"/ "Semi-Pro" US circuit are: , Empire Football League, Florida Football Alliance, , , , New England Football League and . The NEFL is unique in the American sports landscape, allowing promotion and relegation among conferences.
In Canada there are three prominent leagues: Maritime Football League in the east, in Ontario and the Alberta Football League in the west.
Under USA Football strict criteria, players in this level are eligible for the United States national American football team.

International American Football Leagues

American football is a growing sport worldwide, and has the International Olympic Committee recognition since 2013. Over the years the NFL tried to expend their exposure to additional markets, when they played some of their games outside of the United States. The first game outside of US and Canada played in Japan in 1976, in 1978 they played in Mexico, and in 1983 the NFL had their first game in Europe.
After the success of the international series in the '80s, foreign countries have established their own leagues and have earned a reputation over the years, and even begun to attract some American players. Usually, the foreign players in the National Football League moved to the US early, and played the game in college, but there is one exception – Moritz Böhringer, who was drafted in 2016 directly from the German Football League.
Since 2017, the Canadian Football League tried to globalize as well, and made partnership agreements with football leagues in Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The league held special global scouting combine in Europe, Mexico and Japan, and in 2019 held a special draft for Mexican born players, and another one for European players. Today the CFL featured two designated "global players" roster spots from countries outside the U.S. and Canada on its nine member clubs.
Another league that has entered into partnership agreements with american league for players developments is the Elite Football League of India which has an agreement with the Gridiron Developmental Football League.

Australian Football League

American football is a very different gridiron code than that of Australian rules football played in the Australian Football League. However, the punting specialist position requires similar skills to those used in Australian rules football, and made the transition easier for the players from down under. The most successful player to ever make the transition is Darren Bennett, which started his NFL career after finishing his "Ausi rules" one and was selected to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team.
Because salaries are usually up to five times higher in the US, a high number of players try their luck in the american game. In the last decade, the NFL has placed full-time development officers in Australia, and there is a full-time punting academy in the Australian continent – Prokick Australia – which is aimed at training and assessing talented punters from the country for positions in major U.S. colleges and the NFL.
Although the vast majority of Australian players in the NFL are punters, there are few exemptions. The most known one is the Offensive tackle Jordan Mailata, who played Rugby league and was drafted in 2018 without college experience, while another example is Joel Wilkinson who signed with the Arizona Cardinals as a cornerback. Defensive end Adam Gotsis is probably the most successful non-punter Australian; He played in college and was drafted in the second round of the 2016 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos. Other notable players are Jarryd Hayne and Jesse Williams.

Current and planned Minor leagues

Current leagues

High-level

1: The league is in hiatus and put itself up for sale.
2: The league stated that it had no plans to host a 2020 competition.

Planned leagues

High-level

High-level
Mid-level
Low-level
1: Pottsville Maroons moved to the NFL.
2: Informal association of teams, the Portsmouth Spartans would later move to the NFL.
3: American Association suspended operations for duration of U.S. involvement in World War II; in 1946 the AA was renamed American Football League.
4: Merged with PCPFL in 1945.
5: The league was in hiatus and re-branded as the NFL Europe League in 1995.
6: Two separate attempts, with different managements.
7: Reformatted as the developmental The Spring League.
8: Merged with CoFL in 1969.
*: Folded without playing.

Potential markets overview

This is a list of proposed cities for minor-leagues of American football, including both current and historical proposals originating from academic research, from past or future attempts or ones that were proposed by the media. The most common were Orlando, Florida; Memphis, Tennessee; Birmingham, Alabama; San Antonio, Texas; Portland, Oregon; and Sacramento, California.

High-level


Modified stadium capacity.

Borderline High-level

  • Cities with over 1 million residents.
  • At least one team in one of the US Major professional sports leagues.
  • Not represented by the NFL.
  • Top 70 US media market.
  • High-level facilities.
  • History of professional football in one of the high-level football leagues.

Modified stadium capacity.

Mid-level

  • Cities with over 400,000 residents.
  • High level facilities.
  • Not represented by the NFL.
  • Top 90 US media market.
  • High level minor league team in one of the US Major professional sports; or

Modified stadium capacity.
Not part of continental United States.

Borderline Mid-level

  • Cities with over 200,000 residents and over 1 million state residents.
  • Not represented by the NFL.
  • Top 125 US media market.
  • Mid to High level facilities.
  • Good minor league market for one of the US Major professional sports; or

Modified stadium capacity.

Minor American football proposed cities

Other Markets

Boston, Massachusetts - "Beantown" is the largest US city and biggest TV market not represented in the NFL, and is the ninth highest media market in the US, and fifth on the east coast. Over the years there was three separate attempts to establish NFL team in the city - Boston Bulldogs, Boston Braves and Boston Yanks - but all of them failed and relocated or disbanded after short period. Today the "local" team considered to be the New England Patriots which sits at Foxboro, Massachusetts, but branded as a area team for the New England region. The last attempt to establish a pro team was the Boston Brawlers of the now defunct FXFL, but it failed miserably at the gate and relocated after its inaugural season.
Providence, Rhode Island - The Rhode Island state capital is highest GPD per capita U.S. metropolitan area without a major team. Providence also had a very successful history in pro football, as the Providence Steamrollers won the 1928 NFL championship, but suspend operations in the Great Depression. However, the New England Patriots of Foxboro, Massachusetts is probably the reason no other team called the city home since 1960, as they actually slightly closer to Providence then to Boston and, as mentioned earlier, branded as a area team for the New England region.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Wisconsin has a lot of love for its state football teams - the Wisconsin Badgers and the NFL's Green Bay Packers, which previously hosted games in the now defunct Milwaukee County Stadium. The city even had its own team - the Badgers - from 1922 to 1926. Today, Milwaukee no longer hold a college football team at D-I or D-II level, after their decline in the 70's, and therefore don't hold a suitable stadium to host a pro team because the new Miller Park isn't big enough to have a football layout.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana - Louisiana's second-largest city is often mentioned as a potential target for the pro football team, but past attempts have always been unsuccessful. There's a main reason for it: the fact that it is the LSU Tigers stomping ground with the addition of HBCUs powerhouse Southern Jaguars. Because of that, most minor league franchises fail, and as of 2020, Louisiana is the only state in continental US with no MiLB team. Therefore, other leagues usually preferred Shreveport–Bossier market and the mostly unused Independence Stadium.
Austin, Texas - The State Capital of Texas could rival any other city with its appetite for football, and it would be only the second pro teams in the city. Alas, most efforts are likely to fail, as any football would have to rival the big show in town – the Texas Longhorns football team. Also, its proximity to San Antonio will probably nix most attempts.
Las Vegas, Nevada - "Sin City" is a booming tourist destination that was ready to be major league for a long time, and three separate leagues dipped their toes in the market. The problem? other major leagues took notice, and put the city on top of their expansion/relocation list, including the NFL Raiders that now call Las Vegas home.
Ohio - The Buckeye State has deep Pro Football roots, as the state was home to five of the 14 original teams in the NFL inaugural season. Akron and Dayton are probably the other biggest candidates, but their proximity to an NFL markets, and the lack of success of other minor league franchises, will probably make them a secondary option at best. Another possibility is Youngstown, but the low available personal income and bad modern-tradition as a minor league market, will stop most efforts at initial stages.
New York - Upstate New York built its reputation around a strong "sandlot football" circuit, and has a storied football history that is far older than the National Football League. The northern circuit succeeded in recruiting the country's best college players, was part in the "birth of Pro-Football" and invented the Thanksgiving football. The early leagues had teams in Rochester, Buffalo, Syracuse and even in Tonawanda and Watertown, while the more modern leagues featured teams in NYC five boroughs. Today, the state capital Albany and Long Island are probably the other candidates for professional market, as they both proved to support minor teams and have suitable facilities.
Florida - The Sunshine State is typically a hotbed of football talent, and with 10 Division I football schools, the state year-round appetite for the game is insatiable. Combine with the warm weather in the area, the abundance of fans who plan their vacations according to spring training and the great facilities state wide, practically every city with 100,000 residents or more is a potential for a professional market. Tallahassee is probably the biggest candidate with two suitable stadiums, but Fort Lauderdale and Fort Myers are not far behind. Another option is Pensacola, but the lack of suitable venue will probably deter most endeavors.
Canada - The roots of the game in Canada run deep, with the first documented football game in country taking place in 1861, eight years before the first game in the United States. The first attempt of "northern expansion" was in 1964 with the Quebec Rifles in the original United Football League, but it wasn't the last. Over the years, there were four total teams that called Canada home - Montreal Beavers and the Victoria Steelers joined the CoFL in 1966 and 1967, while the World League of American Football Montreal Machine was the last one to play in 1992. Nevertheless, the team that had the most impact on future endeavors has been the WFL's Toronto Northmen, who never played a game in the city, but triggered the Canadian Football Act - which gives a government-protected monopoly over professional football in Canada to the Canadian Football League. The legislation never passed, but discouraged most future attempts.