Mika was born in 1902, in Moisés Ville, a small colony founded in 1889 in the province of Santa Fe, in Argentina, by Russian and Eastern-European Jews fleeing persecutions and pogroms. Her father taught Yiddish in Moisés Ville, before moving to Rosario, where he opened a small restaurant. As a child, Mika allegedly heard many stories about Russian revolutionary fighters escaping tsarist prisons. At age 15, she began being an active member of Rosario's local anarchist organization. Along with Eva Vives, Joan Pauna and other fellow activists, she created a group named after Louise Michel, the famous anarchist figure of the French commune. In 1920, while studying odontology at the University of Buenos Aires, she met her partner-to-be, Hipólito Etchebéhère, then a member of an anarcho-communist group called "Insurrexit". In 1924, inspired by the Russian revolution, the couple decided to join the Communist Party of Argentina, before quickly being expelled in 1925 for their anarchist tendencies, and their refusal to unilaterally condemn Leon Trotsky. In 1926, she took part in the creation of a Workers' Communist Party, which started publishing a newspaper, La Chispa. Members of this Trostkyist, anti-bolchevik group were thus called "Chispistas". The group eventually disbanded in 1929. Mika then traveled to Patagonia in order to gather the stories of first-hand witnesses of the massacre perpetrated in the early 1920's by the Argentinian army during what has been called "Patagonia Rebelde". In 1930, Mika and her partner sailed to Europe. First, in June, they spent time in the freshly founded Second Spanish Republic, before going to France. In October 1932, Mika was in Berlin to witness Adolf Hitler's rise to power, which she described as "a tragedy for the German proletariat". In 1934, as she had returned to Paris, she and Hipólito took part in creating yet another newspaper, Que faire ?, also known for its communist and anti-stalinist views.
Spanish Revolution
On July 12 1936, six days before the Spanish coup of July 1936, Mika was back in Madrid. She and her partner volunteered as fighters for the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification. Hipólito became the commander of his division. On August 16 1936, he was shot and killed during the Battle of Sigüenza. After Hipólito's death, Mika considered committing suicide. Instead, however, she fought the skepticism of her male co-fighters and was elected as the head of her fighting division. By the end of 1936, she joined another military brigade, which was violently decimated. She thus became captain of the 14th division of the Spanish Republican Army, founded on February 10 1937 by Cipriano Mera. During the May Days of 1937 in Barcelona, she was arrested on the front line at Guadalajara by stalinist communist agents. Having been jailed in Madrid, she was liberated thanks to Cipriano Mera's direct intervention. Once liberated, she joined the anarcho-feminist group known as the Mujeres Libres. She fought on the front line until June 1938. After that date, women were sent to the backside. She then gave alphabetization classes and popular education in Madrid, in a hospital run by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo. In the meantime, she was still taking part in activities led by the Mujeres Libres. On march 28 1939, once Madrid had been defeated by the troops of Franco, she was able to take refuge in the city's French school, thanks to her passport, before leaving Spain for Paris. However, at the beginning of World War II, fearing the rising danger of antisemitism, she left Europe and went back to her family in Argentina
After World War II
As early as 1946, Mika returned to France, becoming a translator for Air France, and helping in creating the Cercle Zimmerwald, a socialist organization. Years later, during the civil unrest of May 68, a 66-year-old Mika distributed white gloves to student protesters, so they could easily dig out and use the cobblestones of the streets of Paris to build barricades, without having to fear policemen, who would arrest students with dirt-covered hands. Mika also took part in numerous protests against right-wing dictatorships in South America. In 1976, she published an autobiography, Ma Guerre d'Espagne à Moi, a day-by-day description of life on the front line and in the minds of Republican fighters. Mika died on July 7 1992, in Paris. In accordance with her last wishes, her ashes were spread out in the waters of the Seine.
Selected works
Ma guerre d'Espagne à moi, Paris, Les Lettres nouvelles, Éditions Denoël, 1975,.
Ma guerre d'Espagne à moi : une femme à la tête d'une colonne au combat, Arles, Actes Sud, 1998,,.
