Mapastepec


Mapastepec is a town and municipality in the southeastern state of Chiapas, Mexico. Its name derives from the place name mapachtepec, "Hill of the Raccoon", a compound of the Nahuatl words mapachi and tepetl.
Mapestepec is on the Pacific Ocean, with roughly half of its territory on the Pacific Coastal Plain and half in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountain range. It is partly within two of Mexico's Biosphere Reserves, featuring a number of important species, including the horned guan, Baird's tapir, the Jaguar and rare cloud forest and mangrove habitat.
The primary sector makes up over half of the local economy. Key products include cheese and dairy products and the local Ataulfo mango.

History

Mapastepec was founded in 1486 as an Aztec tributary state, under the name of Mapachtépec. In 1611, the first census conducted by the colonial authorities recorded Mapastepec's population as 265. Mapastepec was upgraded to the status of town by a decree issued by Ephraim A. Osorio, then governor of the State of Chiapas, on July 5, 1955.

Key dates in recent history

Location

The municipality of Mapastec is situated in the southern part of the state of Chiapas. It is bounded by the municipalities of La Concordia, Ángel Albino Corzo and Montecristo de Guerrero to the north, Siltepec, Acacoyagua and Acapetahua to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the south, and Pijijiapan to the west.
The municipality covers an area of, representing 19.81% of the Soconusco region and 1.44% of the state of Chiapas. It stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountain range, with a maximum altitude of above sea level. The highest peaks are La Cumbre, La Bandera and El Pujido. Mountainous and hilly terrain makes up approximately 50% of the area of the municipality, with low foothills accounting for another 10%. 40% of its territory lies on the Pacific coastal plain, and some 6% of this area is alluvial floodplain and saltmarsh. Alluvial soils predominate.
The town of Mapestepec, the municipal capital, is at a.s.l.
The main rivers of Mapastepec are the Río Novillero, Río San Nicolás, Río Gobierno and Río Las Flores. Smaller perennial streams include the Arroyo Sesecapa, Arroyo Tablasón and Arroyo Cuilapa. A number of intermittent streams run through the municipality. The principal bodies of water are the Chantuto, Pampa Buenavista and Pampa Castaña lagoons, and the El Coco estuary.

Climate

Hot and humid from January to September and a milder coastal climate from October to December. Its average annual temperature is, with an average annual rainfall of. The heaviest rainfall occurs from June to September.

Demographics

Population

The total population of the municipality was 47,932 at the time of the 2015 Intercensal Survey, conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. This represented an increase from 43,913 in 2010, and 39,055 in 2005.
In 2015, women made up 50.9% of the inhabitants of the municipality and men 49.1%, with an average age of 24. The population represented 0.9% of the state of Chiapas.
The population of the town of Mapastepec was 17,931 in 2010, followed by Sesecapa and Nuevo Milenio Valdivia. In 2015, 52 of the 118 localities in the municipality had more than 100 inhabitants. Isolation and the poor condition of roads, particularly at higher altitudes, makes access to public services difficult for many of the smaller settlements.

Indigenous languages

The 2010 Census of Population and Housing recorded 131 speakers of an indigenous language in Mapastepec, representing 0.33 percent of its population. The most widely spoken of these languages were Zapotec , Tzotzil and Tzeltal, with another twelve languages represented. An additional 34 respondents did not specify which indigenous language they spoke.

Religion

As at 2005, 65.68% of the population was Catholic, higher than the figure for the region of Soconusco and slightly above the national figure of 63.83%. 14.77% of the population was Protestant, 4.81% non-evangelical biblical, and 13.07% professed no religion.

Environment

Protected areas

More than half of the territory of Mapastepec is situated in protected and conservation areas, totalling.
The Huizapa-Sesecapa Reforestation Area lies on the Pacific coastal plain. Created by decree of October 8, 1936, it was the first protected natural area in the state of Chiapas. The Pico El Loro-Paxtal ecological conservation zone was created by decree of November 22, 2000 to protect cloud forest in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas foothills.
Parts of Mapastepec are within two important natural reserves in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves designated by the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme.
The El Triunfo reserve, created by decree of March 13, 1990, was inscribed on the list of Mexican Biosphere Reserves in 1993. It contains two of the most endangered ecosystems in Mexico: the Soconusco tropical rainforest, and cloud forest growing to over 2,000 meters above sea level.
La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, established as a reserve by decree on June 6, 1995, was inscribed on the list of Biosphere Reserves in 2006. La Encrucijada is also protected under the Ramsar Convention, figuring on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance. It was inscribed on the list of Ramsar sites in Mexico on March 20, 1996. Located to the south of the town of Mapastepec, La Encrucijada contains one of the most significant wetland and coastal lagoon networks in Mexico, with mangroves among the tallest of the Pacific coast of the Americas.
Both the El Triunfo and La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserves are under the administration of the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas, an agency of the Federal government. CONANP has a water management office for El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in the town of Mapastepec.

Flora

The vegetation of Mapastepec varies from the lowland jungle and mangroves of the Pacific coastal plain to oak–pine forest in the high mountains of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Emblematic mangrove and lowland species in La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve include the red mangrove, white mangrove, black mangrove, buttonwood, gumbo-limbo, also known as copperwood, or chaca, Mexican palmetto,, and Malabar chestnut, or saba nut. Other species growing in the lowland areas and adjacent highlands include '', and pinguin.
The cloud forest of El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve also contains a rich diversity of orchids, cycads and tree ferns.
Among other species are the hardwood Ecuador laurel or salmwood in the high forests, the guanacaste, the ceiba or kapok, the lowland evergreen sapodilla, Calycophyllum, and the yellow-wood.
Fruits include avocados, mamey, mango, custard apple, soursop, papausa, cuajinicuil, and caspirol.

Fauna

The endangered horned guan, considered the state bird, is found in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in the high mountains of Mapastepec and neighboring municipalities. Also present is the emblem of the reserve, the Resplendent quetzal. Other key species include Azure-rumped tanager, the king vulture, Baird's tapir ; the Jaguar, the oncilla and the otter.
Also found are hummingbirds, the harpy eagle, hawk, parrot, owl, skylark, chupamiel, mockingbird, rook, buzzard, pigeons, doves, yellow-throated toucans and many other bird species. Mammals and reptiles include the spider monkey, raccoon, porcupine, anteater, skunk, deer, puma, bobcat, agouti, wild boar, opossum, rabbit, rattlesnake, coral snake, false coral snake, nahuyaca, and Chichicua. There is high insect diversity.
Emblematic species of La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve on the coastal plain include the northern tamandua, orange-chinned parakeet, American crocodile, spectacled caiman, green iguana, wood stork, orange-fronted parakeet, nine-banded armadillo, gray fox, boa constrictor, black spiny-tailed iguana, olive ridley sea turtle, and scorpion mud turtle.
Also endemic to the area are the cinnamon-tailed sparrow, berylline hummingbird, green-fronted hummingbird, giant wren, Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine, Mexican spiny-tailed iguana, flammulated flycatcher, Red-breasted chat, West Mexican chachalaca, rose-bellied bunting, longtail spiny lizard, citreoline trogon, Sonora mud turtle, and the cinnamon myotis bat.

Environmental issues

Chiapas has a wide variety of natural resources. Heavy exploitation over many years, in particular of timber, has led to significant deforestation in the municipality, causing species loss and environmental degradation. Logging and forest fires are also associated with the leaching of nutrients from the soil and with soil erosion, aggravated by heavy rainfall. Pollution of local waterways is related to agricultural activities including fertilizer use. These environmental issues are the focus of municipal government ecological management, conservation and sustainability planning.

Cultural and tourist attractions

Festivals

The most important feast days celebrated in Mapastepec are the feast day of the Señor de Esquipulas, honoring the Black Christ of Esquipulas on January 15, and the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June 29. Paul the Apostle is considered the patron saint of the town of Mapastepec. The town also honors the Virgin of Guadalupe.
Easter, the Day of the Dead, Christmas and the New Year are also celebrated.
In March, a trade and agriculture fair is held in the town of Mapastepec, featuring associated cultural events and musical performances. Since 2016 it has been promoted as the Cheese Fair, a showcase for local dairy produce.

Crafts

Handcrafted woodcuts are made in the municipality.

Gastronomy

Typical dishes of the municipality are iguana tamales, armadillo stew, baked chicken, marshmallow candies, nuegados chilacayote, coconut water, beer, cocoa, and white pozol.

Sports

The four main football fields in Mapastepec are the November 20 field, Santa Cruz, Olimpia and Anahuac.
In addition to other sports, the traditional sport of Charrería is also popular.

Economic activity

The economy of the municipality is based on agriculture, beef and dairy cattle and other livestock farming, fishing and aquaculture, forestry and construction, tourism, trade and services.
The dairy industry, celebrated in the annual Cheese Fair is a significant sector, producing some 20 major cheeses including cream cheese, mediacrema cheese, cheese snacks, cheese, Cotija cheese, and cream.

Agriculture and livestock

The primary sector occupies more than half of the working population of the municipality. The agricultural sector is the largest economic sector.
The principal crops grown are avocado, banana, cocoa beans, coffee beans, fodder, green chili peppers, green beans, maize, mango, oranges, African oil palm, parlour palm, rice, sesame, sorghum and watermelon. Approximately half of the municipality lies on the Pacific coastal plain, facilitating extensive agriculture and allowing for significant mechanization. Agricultural tractors are widely used.
Mapastepec grows many kinds of mango. Varieties include the Ataulfo mango, a protected designation of origin cultivar originating locally from the Soconusco region of Chiapas. Also grown are the cultivars known in Mexico as Criollo, Jobo, Manila and Manililla, and the Tommy Atkins.
The livestock sector includes beef and dairy cattle and poultry, as well as sheep, pigs and horses.

Tourism

The beaches of the Pacific coast are one of the main draws for tourists in the municipality.
Ecological reserves constitute another point of interest. They include the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, with its cloud forest and tropical rainforest habitats, and the wetlands, coastal lagoons and mangroves of La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, which is also a Ramsar wetland site.
According to information from the Ministry of Tourism, in the year 2000 the town of Mapastepec had five hotels with 53 rooms.

Services

Most of the services available in the municipality are found in the town of Mapestepec. These include public transportn, gas and service stations, hotels and restaurants, garages and repair shops, a hospital, clinics, and medical professionals.
The town Mapastepec has a Rural Hospital with a number of medical units run by the Mexican Social Security Institute under its IMSS Prospera program Health services provided include an emergency department, surgical facilities, a labor ward, a pediatrics department, a general hospital and laboratory services.

Railway

There were two unsuccessful attempts to build a railway along the coast of Chiapas in the 19th century before an Anglo-American company, The Mexican Pacific Railroad Limited, built the Pan American Railway in the early 20th century.
Work began in 1902 with initial repairs to a short existing rail segment from the port town of Puerto Arista on the northern coast of Chiapas in 1902. In 1903, construction began in San Jerónimo Doctor in the state of Oaxaca, building south towards the Guatemalan border. Work was completed as far as Tonalá in Chiapas by December of that year. The railway reached the municipalities of Pijijiapan and Mapastepec in 1906, arriving at Suchiate on the border with Guatemala on July 1, 1908. The national rail operator Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México took over the line in 1914. It was privatized in 1999 under a 30-year concession to Genesee & Wyoming subsidiary Ferrocarriles Chiapas-Mayab.
Ferrocarriles Chiapas-Mayab gave up its concession in 2007 after Hurricane Stan badly damaged the line in October 2005, rendering it inoperable. State-owned company Ferrocarril Transístmico took over the concession in 2008, and the line has since been known as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Railway. Work was done to repair a number of bridges but the line remained out of commission. In 2015, a feasibility study was conducted into repairing and rehabilitating the line. In 2018 it remains out of service.