List of Vetala Tales
Vetala Tales
is a popular collection of short stories from India of unknown age and antiquity, but predating the 11th century CE. It exists in four main Sanskrit recensions. In addition, there also exists many modern translations into Indian and other vernaculars.
The collection consists of a series of unrelated tales, all told within the context of a frame story similar to Scheherezade's in Arabian nights. The exact content of the frame stories varies between versions, but always involves the core element of King Vikramaditya carrying a dead body to a yogi or holy man in a cemetery. The body is subsequently possessed by a Vetala, the overall content and structure of the Vetala Tales has remained relatively stable.
Versions compared
For additional bibliographic information, see Baital Pachisi.- Ks = Kshemendra: Brhatkathamanjari — Sanskrit verse version of the "Northwestern" Brihatkatha; includes the Vetala Tales.
- So = Somadeva: Kathasaritsagara — Sanskrit verse version of the "Northwestern" Brihatkatha; includes the Vetala Tales in Book 12.
- Ry = Arthur W. Ryder: Twenty-two Goblins — English translation of most of Somadeva's Vetala Tales text.
- vB = J. A. B. van Buitenen: "The King and the Corpse" in Tales of Ancient India — English translation of about half of Somadeva's Vetala Tales text.
- Ja = Jambhaladatta: Vetālapañcavinśati — Sanskrit recension.
- Ne = Newari version — Nepali version apparently based on Jambhaladatta, noted by Emeneau.
- Si = Sivadasa: Vetālapañcavinśatika — The Sanskrit recension that most modern translations ultimately derive from.
- La = Lallu Lal: Buetal Pucheesee — Translation into Literary Hindi, deriving ultimately from Sivadasa. Frequently edited, reprinted, and translated.
- Ta = Tamil version — Noted by Penzer, but without specifying its derivation.
- Bu = Sir Richard Francis Burton: Vikram and the Vampire — A loose retelling, based on the Hindi. Here, decimals indicate elements of multiple source stories combined within one Burtonian story.
Tales
| Tale | Ks | So | Ry | vB | Ja | Ne | Si | La | Ta | Bu |
| How the prince obtained a wife | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Three young brahmans | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6.2 |
| King and two wise birds | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 2 | |
| Adventures of Viravara | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 3 | |
| Somaprabha and three suitors | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6.1 | |
| Lady and the changed heads | 7 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 9 |
| King's dependent and the nereid | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||
| Three fastidious men | 5 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 3 | |
| Anangarati and four suitors | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 4.1 | ||
| 9 | ||||||||||
| Madanasena's rash promise | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 4.2 | ||
| Three very sensitive wives | 11 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 |
| King Yasahketu and his wife | 12 | 12 | 11 | * | 11 | 11 | 12 | |||
| Harisvamin and his bad luck | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | ||
| Merchant's daughter and thief | 14 | 14 | 13 | * | 23 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 5 | |
| Magic pill | 15 | 15 | 14 | 5 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 18 | 8 |
| Sacrifice of Jimutavahana | 16 | 16 | 15 | 24 | 24 | 15 | 15 | 19 | ||
| Beautiful Unmadini | 17 | 17 | 16 | 6 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 20 | |
| Brahman's son and magic power | 18 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 13 | ||
| The thief's son | 19 | 19 | 7 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | |||
| Brahman boy's sacrifice | 20 | 20 | 18 | 8 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 21 | |
| Anangamanjari and Kamalakara | 21 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 14 | ||
| Four brothers and the lion | 22 | 22 | 20 | 9 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 15 | 7 |
| Hermit who wept and danced | 23 | 23 | 21 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 22 | |
| How four merchant princes fared with the courtesan | 21 | 21 | ||||||||
| How Muladeva obtained a bride for Sasideva | 22 | 22 | ||||||||
| The ogre who ravaged King Arimaulimani's kingdom | 23 | |||||||||
| 23 | ||||||||||
| Hermit who wept and danced | 24 | |||||||||
| Father and son marry mother and daughter | 24 | 24 | 22.1 | 11.1 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 24 | 25.1 | 24.1 | 11 |
| Conclusion | 25 | 25 | 22.2 | 11.2 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 25 | 25.2 | 24.2 | 12 |
Frame story
The elements of the frame story vary significantly between versions, and the logical or narrative connections between them are not always made clear.Sanskrit and Hindi frames
;Transfers of throne and fruitKing Gandharvasena dies. His 1st son, Shank, succeeds, but is killed by the 2nd son, Vikramaditya, who succeeds to the throne. However, Vikramaditya goes abroad, consigning the throne to the 3rd son, Bharthari. Then follows the episode of the Fruit of Immortality: the fruit gets passed around, its trail revealing conflicting loyalties; because of this, Bharthari becomes despondent and vacates the throne. Indra sends a demon to guard the city, but Vikramaditya returns to regain the throne and subdues the demon. The demon narrates the story of "Three sons" to Vikramaditya.
This narrative does not occur in any of the Sanskrit recensions. It begins Lāl's Hindi translation, and has a close analogue in the Thirty-Two Tales of the Throne of Vikramaditya. Burton includes it in his introduction.
;Three sons
A) A king comes across an ascetic absorbed in supernatural meditation. Out of pique the king decides to disturb the ascetic, and sends a harlot to seduce him. She succeeds and eventually brings the ascetic and his son to the city, at which point the ascetic realizes he has been tricked out of his merit. In anger he kills his child.
B) This leads to the birth of 3 children in the same city at the same time with linked destinies: the sons of a king, a potter, and an oil merchant. The potter's son kills the oil merchant's son.
This narrative occurs in Sivadasa and Lāl. Only in Lāl is it made clear that the king's son is Vikramaditya, the potter's son is the yogi, and the oil merchant's son is the body inhabited by the Vetala. In his conclusion, Jambhaladatta has the Vetala narrate his own previous history which is somewhat related to part B, but with a very different overall story. Burton has Indra's giant tell part B, then part A which occurs subsequently.
;Yogi and Vetala
Every day, a yogi brings a fruit to Vikramaditya which he passes off to an attendant or minister. One day the fruit is accidentally broken open in the king's presence, revealing a priceless jewel. Investigation reveals that all the fruits likewise contained jewels. Vikramaditya questions the yogi who states that he intends to perform rites in a cremation-ground and asks the king to join him on a certain night. Vikramaditya agrees. When he does so, the yogi asks him to bring him a certain dead body hanging from a tree in another nearby cremation-ground. The body turns out to be inhabited by a vetala, who decides to pass the time on the way back to the yogi by telling tales.
This narrative occurs in all 4 Sanskrit recensions, as well as most other versions.
;Conclusion
After the Vetala is done telling his tales, he helps Vikramaditya by predicting the yogi's treachery, and explaining a ruse by which he can avoid it. Vikramaditya finally succeeds in bringing the body to the yogi, and just before the end of the rite, tricks and kills the yogi. Vikramaditya then generally receives great power and specific boons.
This narrative occurs in all 4 Sanskrit recensions, as well as most other versions. The power and boons are attributed to different sources in different versions, e.g. a result of the rite itself, gandharvas, Indra, Shiva, a goddess.
An abbreviated version of "Yogi and Vetala" and the Conclusion is given as the 31st of the Thirty-Two Tales of the Throne of Vikramaditya.
Other frames
The beginning of the Tamil version mirrors the frame story of the Katha-sarit-sagara, in that the Vetala is actually a Brahmin, cursed for repeating Shiva's tale — the Vetala Tales in fact — which the Vetala must now repeat until someone can solve their riddles.Tibetan and Mongolian versions also exist in which not only the frame story, but also the component tales, are quite different.