King
King, or king regnant, is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant, while the title of queen on its own usually refers to the consort of a king.
- In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the title may refer to tribal kingship. Germanic kingship is cognate with Indo-European traditions of tribal rulership.
- In the context of classical antiquity, king may translate in Latin as rex and in Greek as archon or basileus.
- In classical European feudalism, the title of king as the ruler of a kingdom is understood to be the highest rank in the feudal order, potentially subject, at least nominally, only to an emperor.
- In a modern context, the title may refer to the ruler of one of a number of modern monarchies. The title of king is used alongside other titles for monarchs: in the West, emperor, grand prince, prince, archduke, duke or grand duke, and in the Islamic world, malik, sultan, emir or hakim, etc.
Etymology
The English term is derived from the Anglo-Saxon cyning, which in turn is derived from the Common Germanic *kuningaz. The Common Germanic term was borrowed into Estonian and Finnish at an early time, surviving in these languages as.The English term "King" translates, and is considered equivalent to, Latin rēx and its equivalents in the various European languages. The Germanic term is notably different from the word for "King" in other Indo-European languages. It is a derivation from the term *kunjom "kin" by the -inga- suffix. The literal meaning is that of a "scion of the kin", or perhaps "son or descendant of one of noble birth".
History
The English word is of Germanic origin, and historically refers to Germanic kingship, in the pre-Christian period a type of tribal kingship. The monarchies of Europe in the Christian Middle Ages derived their claim from Christianisation and the divine right of kings, partly influenced by the notion of sacral kingship inherited from Germanic antiquity.The Early Middle Ages begin with a fragmentation of the former Western Roman Empire into barbarian kingdoms. In Western Europe, the kingdom of the Franks developed into the Carolingian Empire by the 8th century, and the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England were unified into the kingdom of England by the 10th century.
With the breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, the system of feudalism places kings at the head of a pyramid of relationships between liege lords and vassals, dependent on the regional rule of barons, and the intermediate positions of counts and dukes. The core of European feudal manorialism in the High Middle Ages were the territories of the former Carolingian Empire, i.e. the kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
In the course of the European Middle Ages, the European kingdoms underwent a general trend of centralisation of power, so that by the Late Middle Ages there were a number of large and powerful kingdoms in Europe, which would develop into the great powers of Europe in the Early Modern period.
- In the Iberian Peninsula, the remnants of the Visigothic Kingdom, the petty kingdoms of Asturias and Pamplona, expanded into the kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon with the ongoing Reconquista.
- In southern Europe, the kingdom of Sicily was established following the Norman conquest of southern Italy. The Kingdom of Sardinia was claimed as a separate title held by the Crown of Aragon in 1324. In the Balkans, the Kingdom of Serbia was established in 1217.
- In eastern-central Europe, the Kingdom of Hungary was established in AD 1000 following the Christianisation of the Magyars. The kingdoms of Poland and Bohemia were established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1025 and 1198, respectively. In Eastern Europe, the Kievan Rus' consolidated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which did not technically claim the status of kingdom until the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
- In northern Europe, the tribal kingdoms of the Viking Age by the 11th century expanded into the North Sea Empire under Cnut the Great, king of Denmark, England and Norway. The Christianization of Scandinavia resulted in "consolidated" kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and by the end of the medieval period the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union.
Contemporary kings
Most of these are heads of state of constitutional monarchies; kings ruling over absolute monarchies are the King of Saudi Arabia, the King of Bahrain and the King of Eswatini.
| Monarch | House | Title | Kingdom | est. |
| Harald V King of Norway | Glücksburg | konge | Kingdom of Norway | 11th c. |
| Carl XVI Gustaf King of Sweden | Bernadotte | konung | Kingdom of Sweden | 12th c. |
| Felipe VI King of Spain | Bourbon | rey | Kingdom of Spain | 1978 / 1479 |
| Willem-Alexander King of the Netherlands | Orange-Nassau | koning | Kingdom of the Netherlands | 1815 |
| Philippe King of the Belgians | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | koning / roi / König | Kingdom of Belgium | 1830 |
| Salman King of Saudi Arabia | Saud | ملك malik | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 1932 |
| Abdullah II King of Jordan | Hashim | ملك malik | Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | 1946 |
| Mohammed VI King of Morocco | Alaoui | ملك malik | Kingdom of Morocco | 1956 |
| Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa King of Bahrain | Khalifa | ملك malik | Kingdom of Bahrain | 1971 |
| Vajiralongkorn King of Thailand | Chakri | กษัตริย์ kasat | Kingdom of Thailand | 1782 |
| Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck King of Bhutan | Wangchuck | འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ་ druk gyalpo | Kingdom of Bhutan | 1907 |
| Norodom Sihamoni King of Cambodia | Norodom | ស្ដេច sdac | Kingdom of Cambodia | 1993 / 1953 |
| Tupou VI King of Tonga | Tupou | king / tu'i | Kingdom of Tonga | 1970 |
| Letsie III King of Lesotho | Moshesh | king / morena | Kingdom of Lesotho | 1966 |
| Mswati III King of Eswatini | Dlamini | ngwenyama | Kingdom of Eswatini | 1968 |