Leslie "Joe Goebbels" Irvin was an American serial killer whose killing spree in the early 1950s terrorized residents of southwestern Indiana and whose Supreme Court case set a precedent for ensuring a fair trial for defendants even in the wake of a great deal of pretrial publicity.
Crimes
Irvin was ultimately arrested in connection with six murders which were committed in four separate incidents. This killing spree began December 2, 1954 and ended March 28, 1955. The crimes took place in Vanderburgh and Posey counties in Indiana and Henderson county in Kentucky. The victims were:
December 2, 1954: Mary Holland, 33. Shot in head at close range at work. She was 3 months pregnant. Motive: Robbery.
December 23, 1954: Wesley Kerr, 29. Shot in head at close range at work. Robbery.
March 21, 1955: Wilhelmina Sailer, 47, Mt. Vernon, Indiana. Housewife, killed at home. Shot in head. Burglary.
March 28, 1955: Goebel Duncan, 51. Henderson, Kentucky. Burglary.
*Raymond Duncan, 29, Goebel's son.
*Maple Elizabeth Duncan, 20, Dorris Ray's wife.
In the last incident, Goebel's wife, Mamie, was shot but survived, permanently blinded. Elizabeth had a two-year-old daughter who was spared. In connection with the confession they claimed to have extracted from Irvin, the police claimed he admitted to two dozen burglaries and robberies. It turns out that Irvin had a criminal history. He had received a sentence of 10 to 20 years for armed robbery in Indianapolis in 1945, served 9 years, and moved to Evansville in May 1954.
Capture
Irvin became a suspect after someone recalled seeing his car at the Duncan property slightly before the murders there. This led to his arrest. Later, weapons and some loot that tied him to one of the murders were found. He was captured the first time because his car was spotted on a rural road in Western Vanderburgh County. It was seen by Edward Peerman, Gary Peerman, Alan Peerman, Russell Peerman, Pete Molinet and Larry Weber. The boys recognized a dent in the door of his car that had been reported in the paper. It had been parked on a lane off the road and the boys pulled in right behind him and yelled at him. They were just out having fun and were not sure it was Leslie Irvin at the time. The parents of the Peerman boys called the police and they verified that it was indeed Leslie Irvin the boys had seen on the road.
Trials and appeal
After some wrangling between Kentucky and Indiana over which would try Irvin first, it was decided to begin with the trial for the Kerr murder. Pretrial publicity was seen as a problem from the onset. Irvin's appointed attorney immediately moved for a change of venue from Vanderburgh County because of the difficulty of seating an impartial jury. The request was granted, but only to neighboring Gibson County. Ninety-five percent of the homes in Gibson County received newspapers with articles about the case, and the area was blanketed with radio and television reports. In the Supreme Court review, Justice Frankfurter made a special point "to attack the District Attorney's 'collaboration' with the media campaign" associated with the arrest and trial. During the course of the voir dire examination, which lasted some four weeks, petitioner filed two more motions for a change of venue and eight motions for continuances. All were denied. Of the 430 potential jurors, 268 were excused for having fixed opinions about Irvin's guilt, 103 others were excused based on their opposition to the death penalty, and others were excused by the prosecution or defense or on hardship grounds. Of the twelve jurors finally selected, eight went into the trial believing Irvin was guilty. During the trial, Irvin was led to courtroom on what resembled a chain dog leash. Because of that, and the brutality of the crimes, he was referred to in the news from then on as "Mad Dog." Furthermore, the prosecutor called him "Mad Dog" in his closing statement. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. Irvin escaped from the Gibson County jail in Princeton, Indiana on January 20, 1956. He did this by making keys with paperback novel covers, tin foil, and glue. He fled to the West. But on February 9, 1956 he was arrested in San Francisco while trying to pawn some rings taken in a Los Angeles burglary. After several procedural steps, Irvin found himself before the United States Supreme Court on a 6th Amendment claim that he was not tried before an impartial jury because of extensive pretrial publicity. On June 5, 1961 the Court reversed his conviction. It was the first state conviction to be reversed mainly by prejudicial publicity. Irvin was retried and convicted on June 13, 1962. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and died at Indiana State Prison, Michigan City on November 9, 1983 of lung cancer.
