Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps


The Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a federal program sponsored by the United States Armed Forces in high schools and also in some middle schools across the United States and United States military bases across the world. The program was originally created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916 and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act.

Role and purpose

According to Title 10, Section 2031 of the United States Code, the purpose of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps is "to instill in students in secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States, and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment." Additional objectives are established by the service departments of the Department of Defense. Under 542.4 of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations, the Department of the Army has declared those objectives for each cadet to be:
Section 524.5 of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should "provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student and of value to the Armed Forces....Students will acquire: An understanding of the fundamental concept of leadership, military art and science, An introduction to related professional knowledge, and An appreciation of requirements for national security. The dual roles of citizen/soldier and soldier/citizen are studied.... These programs will enable cadets to better serve their country as leaders, as citizens, and in military service should they enter it.... The JROTC and NDCC are not, of themselves, officer-producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services and toward careers in the Armed Forces."
The military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and "may help motivate young Americans toward military service." A 1999 Army policy memorandum stated that "While not designed to be a specific recruiting tool, there is nothing in existing law that precludes... facilitating the recruitment of young men and women into the U.S. Army," directing instructors to "actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military emphasize service in the U.S. Army; facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body... work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story."
In a February 2000 testimony before the House Armed Services Committee, the armed service chiefs of staff testified that 30%-50% of graduating JROTC cadets go on to join the military:
General Colin Powell said in his 1995 autobiography that "the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC," but added that "Inner-city kids, many from broken homes, found stability and role models in Junior ROTC." U.S. Congress found in the Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 that JROTC and similar programs "provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces, including significant public relations benefits." Former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to JROTC as "one of the best recruitment programs we could have."

Organization

Five of the seven branches of the Uniformed services of the United States maintain a Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, organized into units. As of June 2006, there are a total of 3,275 units:
Prior to 1967 the number of units was limited to 1,200. The cap was increased to 1,600 units in 1967 and again to 3,500 units in 1992; the statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001. Their goal is to reach 3,500 units by Feb. 2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas.
Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service, often referred to as the "Chain of Command." Army JROTC units follow a company, battalion, and at larger events brigade structure. Marine Corps JROTC units follow the battalion, or in cases of larger size, brigade structure. Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size. Navy JROTC typically follows the company, battalion, or regiment structure depending on the size of the unit.
DoD BudgetFY 2007FY 2008FY 2009
AJROTC128,281146,147149,329
NJROTC45,41147,84450,494
MCJROTC17,42316,99617,740
AFJROTC77,90194,760108,730
Total U.S. $1,000269,016305,747326,293

JROTC is partly funded by the United States Department of Defense with an allocation in the military budget of about 340 million dollars for the fiscal year 2007, of which about 68 million are personnel costs. The federal government subsidizes instructor salaries, cadet uniforms, equipment and textbooks. The instructors, usually retired military personnel, continue to receive retirement pay from the Federal government, but in addition, the schools pay the difference from what the instructors would receive if they were on active duty. The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one-half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor.
Although active duty officers may be assigned, most instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces. In the Army JROTC program, the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired commissioned officer, a Senior Army Instructor, or a Warrant Officer and at least one retired Non-Commissioned Officer, an Army Instructor,. In certain situations there may be additional instructors.
A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 was signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors.
There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the teaching credential required by other teachers in public high school, although there are a handful of counties that do require a teaching credential. In at least one jurisdiction, the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a high school diploma or equivalent. AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for five or fewer years. MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school, have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards.
AFJROTC previously required a minimum of 20 years of active duty but has since been overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component, with teaching credential, in order to be assigned an AI. To be assigned as a SAI the AJROTC Instructor has to hold a BA degree, with teaching credentials.
NJROTC also required a minimum of 20 years of active duty until it was overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component offers similar programs as JROTC. NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces; uniforms, equipment, other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program. Except for the funding aspects, JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical, although the cadet corps is not limited by the federal statute that restricts JROTC to offering courses only for students in ninth through 12th grades. Per 2005, Chicago had 26 Middle School Cadet Corps enlisting more than 850 students.

Instruction and activities

The Code of Federal Regulations states that JROTC is "designed for physically fit citizens attending participating schools." In public schools, JROTC is usually an elective course with membership limited to US citizens and legal foreign nationals, those who will graduate with their 9th-grade cohort, and have not experienced an out of school suspension during the preceding six-month period. Often, students who participate for one year receive credit in lieu of a physical education class. Students who excel in the first year of JROTC can apply for a second year. Most schools offer three to four years of JROTC training.
Boarding schools or military schools may offer JROTC programs, with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school. Some public military schools mandate JROTC as a class for all grade levels, and have a curriculum that includes military history, military protocol, civics, and physical fitness. Chicago has six public military academies, more than any other city and one-third of all in the country.
The JROTC program stresses military discipline, with a curriculum that emphasizes study of military science and military history. Cadets typically wear their uniforms once or twice a week, usually standing for inspection, with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC-based military academy. Their creed encourages conduct that brings credit to family, country, school and the corps of cadets, loyalty, citizenship and patriotism. Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as the following:
The most notable JROTC marching band is the Virginia 91st Air Force Junior ROTC Band of the Randolph-Macon Academy. Being a rare part of a JROTC unit, there are few in existence, with the state of Texas only boasting two units with marching bands.
There are other extracurricular activities that the JROTC's programs provide for their cadets, including trips to military installations, ROTC college programs, and other sites that give the cadets a look at the military community. During the school year, there are regional competitions between JROTC units, with testing in all areas of military, naval and aerospace science. Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks. There are also many summertime "leadership academies" for cadets hosted by various military installations. These academies include the JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl, and JROTC Cadet Leadership Challenge, a physical fitness competition.
Cadets may be awarded ribbons, ribbon devices, medals and aiguillettes for participation in JROTC and team activities, as well as for personal academic and athletic achievement and leadership. Awards may be presented by organizations other than the cadet's JROTC program, such as other JROTC programs, Military Officers Association of America, American Veterans, Order of the Daedalians, American Legion, and the National Rifle Association. Ribbons and medals are positioned in order of precedence, as prescribed by the Cadet Field Manual and the senior JROTC instructor.
Some units also host an annual formal military ball and formal dinner. Usually, awards are presented. Female cadets are generally excused from wearing the dress uniform for military ball. Sometimes units also have a separate awards ceremony, which is attended by the instructors, guests, and parents. Fraternal organizations, such as the American Legion, often give out awards for military excellence, academics, and citizenship, in addition to the standard awards given by the JROTC program. The year may be finished with a change of command ceremony, where the new unit commander, executive officer, and other unit officers are named and take command from the current officers. Mid-level officers are also named. Some units choose the next year's NCO and junior officer corps based on officer and NCO candidate schools, usually held immediately following the end of the school year.
Successful completion of a JROTC Program can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces. For example, upon completion of 3 years of Air Force JROTC, cadets may at their instructor's discretion enlist in the Air Force at the rank of Airman First Class. However, JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military.
A JROTC unit may recommend current JROTC cadets for nomination to the Service Academy of the unit's branch. JROTC units designated as Honor Units may nominate up to three cadets to the Service Academy of any branch, in addition to the nominations to the unit's own branch academy.

Competitions

Leadership and Academic Bowl

The JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl is a national academic competition which is the largest of its kind for high schools in the country. There are three levels of the competition, which units who complete levels 1 and 2 successfully attending the last level at Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. Subjects that are covered in all three levels include history, literature, current events and JROTC curriculum. Depending on the represented branch, there may be 4-8 cadets representing a school. Aside from Cadet Command, the competition is also sponsored by the College Options Foundation.

National High School Drill Team Championship

Established in 1982, the National High School Drill Team Championship is a joint-service exhibition drill competition for JROTC drill teams, held in Daytona Beach, Florida. Although it has been held since 1982, it only became an official when the Army Cadet Command became the sponsor in 1988.

Awards and decorations

Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps



Army JROTC Medal For Heroism Ribbon

Army JROTC Superior Cadet Ribbon

Army JROTC Distinguished Cadet Ribbon

Army JROTC Academic Excellence Ribbon

Army JROTC Academic Achievement Ribbon

Army JROTC Perfect Attendance Ribbon

Army JROTC Student Government Ribbon

Army JROTC Leadership Education Training Service Ribbon

Army JROTC N 1 7 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 1 8 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 1 9 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 1 10 Ribbon

Army JROTC Dai Sai Instructor Leadership Ribbon

Army JROTC Personal Appearance Ribbon

Army JROTC Proficiency Ribbon

Army JROTC Drill Team Ribbon

Army JROTC Orienteering Ribbon

Army JROTC Color Guard Ribbon

Army JROTC Rifle Team Ribbon

Army JROTC Adventure Training Ribbon

Army JROTC Commendation Ribbon

Army JROTC Good Conduct Ribbon

Army JROTC JCLC Participation Ribbon

Army JROTC N 3 12 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 3 13 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 3 14 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 3 15 Ribbon

Army JROTC Varsity Athletics Ribbon

Army JROTC Physical Fitness Ribbon

Army JROTC Athletics Ribbon

Army JROTC N 2 4 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 2 5 Ribbon

Army JROTC Parade Ribbon

Army JROTC Recruiting Ribbon

Army JROTC N 4 3 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 4 4 Ribbon

Army JROTC N 4 5 Ribbon

Army JROTC Service Learning Ribbon

Army JROTC Excellent Staff Performance Ribbon

Bronze Oil Lamp
Signifies second award of a ribbon.
Silver Oil Lamp
Signifies third award of a ribbon.
Gold Oil Lamp
Signifies fourth award of a ribbon.

Marine Corps Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps



Legion of Valor Bronze Cross for Achievement

Marine Corps Reserve Association Outstanding Unit Award

American Legion Award for Scholastic Excellence

American Legion Bronze Medal for Military Excellence

Sons of the American Revolution JROTC Bronze Medal

Daughters of the American Revolution JROTC Bronze Medal

Military Order of the World Wars JROTC Medal

Military Officers Association of America JROTC Medal

Veterans of Foreign Wars JROTC Bronze Medal

Daedalian JROTC Achievement Award

Women Marines Association Award for Outstanding Cadet

Noncommissioned Officers Association

Military Order of the Purple Heart JROTC Medal

Navy League Youth Medal

Reserve Officers Association JROTC Medal

Naval Reserve Association JROTC Medal

American Veterans JROTC Medal

National Sojourners Award

Scottish Rite JROTC Medal

Outstanding Cadet Award

Student Leadership Award

Officer Leadership Award

Noncommissioned Officer Leadership Award

Civic Service Award

Best Drill Cadet Award

Distinguished Scholastic Achievement Award

Arts and Academics Award

Distinguished Military Training Award

Physical Achievement Award

Superior Marksman Award

Athletic Participation Award

Longevity / Fidelity Award

Distinguished Conduct Award

Best Drill Squad Award

Color Guard Award

Drill Team Award

Band/Drum and Bugle Corps Award
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Rifle Team Award
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Orienteering Team Award
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Recruiting Award

Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps


Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps


Career military who were members of JROTC

Many members of JROTC go on to have careers in the United States Armed Forces. Some notable former members of JROTC include:
There has been controversy about JROTC and militarism in schools. The American Friends Service Committee, the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, Veterans for Peace, War Resisters League, and the Project on Youth and Non-Military Opportunities, actively oppose the JROTC for a number of reasons, including:
The Coalition For Alternatives to Militarism in Our Schools, formed by more than 50 teachers in the Los Angeles Unified School District, aims to "eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps in our High Schools." Many cases of abuse by JROTC instructors, as well as credentialing issues, and of having students forced into JROTC due to lack of space in Physical Education classes have been noted in Los Angeles Public Schools. The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles, with a drop of one-third or approximately 1,500 students, suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC. At Roosevelt High School in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, a local campaign against JROTC cut the number of cadets 43 percent in four years, with a JROTC instructor reporting a 24 percent drop in enrollment from 2003–04 to 2006-07 for the rest of the Los Angeles unified School District.
In October 2005, the New York Civil Liberties Union pressured Hutchinson Central Technical High School in Buffalo, New York to release students from a mandatory JROTC program, arguing that the practice violates the State's Education Law, which provides that no child may be enrolled in JROTC without prior written parental consent.
In May 2008, the American Civil Liberties Union stated that JROTC violates the United Nations sponsored Convention on the Rights of the Child by targeting students as young as 14 for recruitment to the military. The United States has not ratified the convention, although it has ratified an optional protocol to the Convention on "the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict." However, recruiting is not an official goal of JROTC, as stated in United States Code pertaining to the program. Nor is it a stated goal in each of the individual service's JROTC program mission statements.

Other similar U.S.-based organizations

Youth-based, non-ROTC organizations include:
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