Judge Dee


Judge Dee is a semi-fictional character based on the historical figure Di Renjie, county magistrate and statesman of the Tang court. The character appeared in the 18th-century Chinese detective and gong'an crime novel Di Gong An. After Robert van Gulik came across it in an antiquarian book store in Tokyo, he translated the novel into English and then used the style and characters to write his own original Judge Dee historical mystery stories.
The series is set in Tang Dynasty China and deals with criminal cases solved by the upright and shrewd Judge Dee, who as county magistrate in the Chinese imperial legal system was both the investigating magistrate and judge.

Dee Goong An

The Judge Dee character is based on the historical figure Di Renjie, magistrate and statesman of the Tang court. During the Ming Dynasty in China, a "folk novel" was written set in former times, but filled with anachronisms.
Van Gulik found in the 18th-century Di Gong An an original tale dealing with three cases simultaneously, and, which was unusual among Chinese mystery tales, a plot that for the most part lacked an overbearing supernatural element which could alienate Western readers. He translated it into English and had it published in 1949 under the title Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee.

Van Gulik's stories

This gave van Gulik the idea of writing his own novels, set with the similar Ming anachronisms, but using the historical character. Van Gulik was careful in writing the main novels to deal with cases wherein Dee was newly appointed to a city, thereby isolating him from the existing lifestyle and enabling him to maintain an objective role in the books. Van Gulik's novels and stories made no direct reference to the original Chinese work, and so Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee is not considered to be part of the Judge Dee series.
Initially Dee is assisted only by his faithful clerk, Sergeant Hoong Liang, an old family retainer. However, in The Chinese Gold Murders, which describes Dee's initial appointment and first criminal cases, the judge encounters two highwaymen, euphemistically called "men of the greenwood", Ma Joong and Chiao Tai, who attempt to rob him but are so impressed with his character that they give up their criminal careers and join his retinue on the spot.. A little later, in The Chinese Lake Murders, a third criminal, Tao Gan, an itinerant confidence trickster and swindler, similarly joins. Judge Dee ends his career in Murder in Canton being promoted to the position of senior Metropolitan Judge in the capital, and his assistants obtain official ranks in the Army and civil service.
Van Gulik also wrote a series of newspaper comics about Judge Dee in 1964-1967, which totalled 19 adventures. The first four were regular balloon strips, but the later 15 had the more typically Dutch textblock under the pictures.
Judge Dee, naturally, is responsible for deciding sentences as well as assessing guilt or innocence, although van Gulik notes in the stories that all capital punishments must be referred to and decided by officials in the capital. One of the sentences he frequently has to deal with is slow slicing; if he is inclined to mercy, he orders the final, fatal, cut to be made first, thus rendering the ceremony anticlimactic.

Other authors

Several other authors have created stories based on Van Gulik's Judge Dee character.
The following novels and short stories were published in English by van Gulik. The short story collection Judge Dee at Work contains a "Judge Dee Chronology" detailing Dee's various posts in specific years and stories set in these times. Van Gulik's last two books, Poets and Murder and Necklace and Calabash, were not listed in the chronology, as they were written after Judge Dee at Work, but they are both set in the time when Judge Dee was the magistrate in Poo-yang.
YearTitleSettingNotes
1949Celebrated Cases of Judge DeeAn "early phase of Judge Dee's career."Translated from Chinese ; not part of the later continuity. Three stories: "The Case of the Double Murder at Dawn," "The Case of the Strange Corpse", and "The Case of the Poisoned Bride". Dee is the newly appointed Magistrate of Chang-ping in the Province of Shantung. He has all four lieutenants on staff: Sgt. Hoong, Chiao Tai, Ma Joong, and Tao Gan.
1957The Chinese Maze Murders670, Lan-fangWritten in 1950, published in Japanese in 1951; Lan-fang is a fictional district at the western frontier of Tang China. Given its name, general location and supposed role in the trade route to Khotan, it has a real historical eponymous counterpart in Lanzhou.
1958The Chinese Bell Murders668, Poo-yangWritten between 1953 and 1956; Poo-yang is a fictional wealthy district on the shores of the Grand Canal of China.
1959The Chinese Gold Murders663, PenglaiDee's initial appointment and first criminal cases, the judge encounters two highwaymen, euphemistically called "men of the greenwood", Ma Joong and Chiao Tai.
1960The Chinese Lake Murders666, Han-yuanHan-yuan is a fictional district on a lakeshore near the capital of Chang-An. Huan-Yuan is an ancient name for the modern day Hancheng city in Shaanxi province.
1961The Chinese Nail Murders676, Pei-chowPei-chow is a fictional district in the far north of Tang China.
1961The Haunted Monastery667, Han-yuanJudge Dee is traveling and forced to take shelter in a monastery.
1961The Red Pavilion668, Poo-yangJudge Dee is drawn into a web of lies and sad stories in the world of the prostitutes of Imperial China.
1962The Lacquer Screen664, PenglaiJudge Dee and Chiao Tai disguise themselves to go undercover and join a gang of robbers to solve the case.
1963The Emperor's Pearl669, Poo-yangOdd things going on at the deserted villa, an apparently cursed Imperial Treasure and a perverted madman.
1965The Morning of the Monkey667, Han-yuanA short novel from The Monkey and the Tiger
1965The Night of the Tiger676, Pei-chowA short novel from The Monkey and the Tiger
1965The Willow Pattern677, Chang-AnJudge Dee is the Lord Chief Justice in the Imperial capital of Chang-An.
1966Murder in Canton681, GuangzhouJudge Dee is the Lord Chief Justice for all of China.
1966The Phantom of the Temple670, Lan-fangMysterious phantom haunting a Buddhist temple. 20 bars of gold missing, and the merchant's beautiful daughter.
1967"Five Auspicious Clouds"663, PenglaiA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"The Red Tape Murders"663, PenglaiA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"He came with the Rain"663, PenglaiA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"The Murder on the Lotus Pond"666, Han-yuanA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"The Two Beggars"668, Poo-yangA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"The Wrong Sword"668, Poo-yangA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"The Coffins of the Emperor"670, Lan-fangA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967"Murder on New Year's Eve"670, Lan-fangA short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967Necklace and Calabash668, Poo-yangJudge Dee is a magistrate in the fictional Poo-yang district. Last Judge Dee novel published during van Gulik's lifetime.
1968Poets and Murder669, Poo-yangDuring a festival in Chin-hwa, Judge Dee is a guest of a group of distinguished scholars. A young girl has been murdered and the accused is a beautiful poetess.

By other authors

By the author :fr:Frédéric Lenormand|Frédéric Lenormand
By the author Zhu Xiao Di
By the author Sven Roussel
By authors Eleanor Cooney & Daniel Alteri
By Lin Qianyu
By the author Hock G. Tjoa

Comics

The stories have been adapted into comic strips by Dutch artists Fritz Kloezeman between 1964 and 1969 and Dick Matena in 2000.

TV

Judge Dee has been adapted for television twice in English.
Some of Robert van Gulik's Judge Dee stories have been adapted for Chinese TV by CCTV. As of 2012, four different DVD series are available with one series so far with English subtitles. CCTV produced series in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. The series from 2010, entitled "Detective Di Renjie" has been produced on DVD by Tai Seng entertainment with English subtitles.

Movies