Interval vector


In musical set theory, an interval vector is an array of natural numbers which summarize the intervals present in a set of pitch classes. Other names include: ic vector, PIC vector and APIC vector
While primarily an analytic tool, interval vectors can also be useful for composers, as they quickly show the sound qualities that are created by different collections of pitch class. That is, sets with high concentrations of conventionally dissonant intervals sound more dissonant, while sets with higher numbers of conventionally consonant intervals sound more consonant. While the actual perception of consonance and dissonance involves many contextual factors, such as register, an interval vector can nevertheless be a helpful tool.

Definition

In twelve-tone equal temperament, an interval vector has six digits, with each digit representing the number of times an interval class appears in the set. Because interval classes are used, the interval vector for a given set remains the same, regardless of the set's permutation or vertical arrangement. The interval classes designated by each digit ascend from left to right. That is:
  1. minor seconds/major sevenths
  2. major seconds/minor sevenths
  3. minor thirds/major sixths
  4. major thirds/minor sixths
  5. perfect fourths/perfect fifths
  6. tritones
Interval class 0, representing unisons and octaves, is omitted.
In his 1960 book, The Harmonic Materials of Modern Music, Howard Hanson introduced a monomial method of notation for this concept, which he termed intervallic content: pemdnc.sbdatf for what would now be written. The modern notation, introduced by Allen Forte, has considerable advantages and is extendable to any equal division of the octave.
A scale whose interval vector has six unique digits is said to have the deep scale property. The major scale and its modes have this property.
For a practical example, the interval vector for a C major triad in the root position, , is. This means that the set has one major third or minor sixth, one minor third or major sixth, and one perfect fifth or perfect fourth. As the interval vector does not change with transposition or inversion, it belongs to the entire set class, meaning that is the vector of all major triads. Some interval vectors correspond to more than one sets that cannot be transposed or inverted to produce the other..
For a set of n pitch classes, the sum of all the numbers in the set's interval vector equals the triangular number Tn−1 =.
An expanded form of the interval vector is also used in transformation theory, as set out in David Lewin's Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations.

Z-relation

In musical set theory, a Z-relation, also called isomeric relation, is a relation between two pitch class sets in which the two sets have the same intervallic content but they are not transpositionally related or inversionally related. For example, the two sets 4-z15A and 4-z29A have the same interval vector but one can not transpose and/or invert the one set onto the other.
In the case of hexachords each may be referred to as a Z-hexachord. Any hexachord not of the "Z" type is its own complement while the complement of a Z-hexachord is its Z-correspondent, for example 6-Z3 and 6-Z36. See: 6-Z44, 6-Z17, 6-Z11, and Forte number.
The term, for "zygotic", originated with Allen Forte in 1964, but the notion seems to have first been considered by Howard Hanson. Hanson called this the isomeric relationship, and defined two such sets as isomeric. See: isomer.
According to Michiel Schuijer, the hexachord theorem, that any two pitch-class complementary hexachords have the same interval vector, even if they are not equivalent under transposition and inversion, was first proposed by Milton Babbitt, and, "the discovery of the relation," was, "reported," by David Lewin in 1960 as an example of the complement theorem: that the difference between pitch-class intervals in two complementary pitch-class sets is equal to the difference between the cardinal number of the sets. Mathematical proofs of the hexachord theorem were published by Kassler, Regener, and Wilcox.
Though it is commonly observed that [|Z-related sets] always occur in pairs, David Lewin noted that this is a result of twelve-tone equal temperament. In 16-ET, [|Z-related] sets are found as triplets. Lewin's student Jonathan Wild continued this work for other tuning systems, finding Z-related tuplets with up to 16 members in higher ET systems.
Straus argues, " in the Z-relation will sound similar because they have the same interval content," which has led certain composers to exploit the Z-relation in their work. For instance, the play between and is clear in Elliott Carter's Second String Quartet.

Multiplication

Some Z-related chords are connected by M or IM, due to identical entries for 1 and 5 on the interval vector.