International Institute for Environment and Development
The International Institute for Environment and Development is an independent policy research institute whose stated mission is to "build a fairer, more sustainable world, using evidence, action and influence in partnership with others." Its director is Dr Andrew Norton. IIED is one of a small group of independent, not-for-profit organisations that has provided core concepts and methods for thinking about sustainability and social change. IIED's main way of working is through partnership with like-minded organisations in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The institute's work is currently divided into four main areas: natural resources; climate change; human settlements; and sustainable markets. IIED is based in central London on Gray's Inn Road, and has a smaller office in Edinburgh. It formerly had offices in Dakar, Senegal and Buenos Aires, Argentina. There was also an office in Washington DC, USA. The International Institute of Environment and Development has more than 120 employees and researchers from 16 countries. They are hired on experience and skill sets that help toward the mission of the IIED, to create a fairer, environmentally healthy global community. The organisation's Board of Trustees are all volunteers, currently 12 representative from nine different countries. The board's duty is to oversee all cases of the IIED to ensure laws are being followed, standards of the IIED are being upheld and take legal responsibility when necessary. The working budget of the IIED, £20.8 million in 2018/19, is achieved through donations, grants and mutually beneficial partnerships.
The origins of IIED can be found in the International Institute for Environmental Affairs, which was set up in New York in 1971 with backing from industrialist Robert O. Anderson and New York Times journalist Jack Raymond as founding president. In 1973, Barbara Ward was asked to become the organisation's first director, and agreed on the condition that development as well as an environmental agenda was integral to its mission. She moved the organisation to London and changed its name to IIED. IIEA had helped shape the agenda for the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme. Ward's book Only One Earth, was the key text for delegates at that conference, where Ward introduced the term sustainable development to a global audience and highlighted the links between the environment and human wellbeing. IIED carried out research and lobbying work on a range of contemporary environment and development topics, using funds obtained from donor organisations and occasionally from corporations and foundations. It held its first symposium at the 1974 UN World Food Conference and in 1975 joined forces with UNEP to create Earthscan, an information and environment service for media. In 1976 it was heavily involved in HABITAT, the first UN Conference on Human Settlements.
1980s
In 1985, IIED and the World Resources Institute began to produce the biennial World Resources Report, which today is solely a WRI publication. In 1987, the Brundtland Report, also known as Our Common Future, cited IIED's contribution to creating "a global agenda for change". The institute's staff published a series of landmark books including Africa in Crisis by Lloyd Timberlake, The Greening of Africa by Paul Harrison, and No Timber Without Trees by Duncan Poore and Squatter Citizen: Life in the Urban Third World by Jorge Hardoy and David Satterthwaite.
In 2001, IIED set up a climate change programme, led by Dr Saleemul Huq. He and several other IIED researchers have served as lead authors or coordinating lead authors for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IIED was active at Rio Earth Summit's follow-up conference, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. Between 2000 and 2002, IIED led the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development project, a global review of the impacts and practices of the mining sector that engaged industry players and recommended improvements to their operations. In October 2008, the Independent newspaper cited IIED's director Camilla Toulmin as one of Britain's top 100 environmentalists.
2010s
In 2012, IIED organised a major conference ahead of the Rio+20 Summit in Brazil.
Current work
IIED continues to both conduct research with partners in dozens of countries and act on a global stage through processes such as various multilateral environmental negotiations. Its individual research groups focus on varied topics that include:
Natural Resources
Includes research on large land acquisitions in Africa, improved governance in the forestry sector in Africa and Asia, how to share the benefits of large dams with local communities, the connections between poverty and conservation, and agroecology, food sovereignty, biocultural heritage and agricultural biodiversity.
Climate Change
Includes research on community based adaptation to climate change, strengthening the capacity of the Least Developed Countries in UN climate change negotiations, the role of pastoralism as an adaptive strategy in drylands. It is by initiating the adaptations of the societies that the poor are less stricken by the harshness of climate change.
Human Settlements
Includes research on rural-urban migration, urbanisation, the role of slum dwellers in improving urban environments, the contributions of cities to climate change, how urban areas can adapt to impacts of climate change, and improving water and sanitation in deprived urban areas.
Shaping Sustainable Markets
Includes research on environmental economics, energy, business and sustainable development, direct investment and market governance, focusing on building an independent market that is based on the skills of the people and resources at hand to ensure the growth of the society at whole.
Directors
IIED's founding director Barbara Ward died in 1981. She was succeeded by William Clark, Brian Walker, Richard Sandbrook, Nigel Cross, Camilla Toulmin and, currently, Andrew Norton, who took over in late June 2015.
Publications
IIED publishes a variety of reports, working papers, books, policy briefs and opinion papers, most of which are free to download as pdfs from its website. Its online presence has expanded to include social media applications in recent years. Its long-standing series include the international journal Environment and Urbanization and Gatekeeper, along with three discontinued series: Participatory Learning and Action, Haramata and Tiempo. Until 1986 IIED, also ran Earthscan Publications until 2011 when it was taken over by Taylor and Francis. It has published many of IIED's books.
Barbara Ward Lectures
IIED organises the 'Barbara Ward Lectures' in memory of the institute's first director, who died in 1981. Speakers:
IIED is generally acknowledged to be a successful organisation - its ideas are pragmatic and pro-poor, and it has helped to influence of major organisations including the World Bank, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the Department for International Development of the UK government, and Scandinavian aid agencies like SIDA and DANIDA. For example, a former staff member, Gordon Conway, was partly responsible with Robert Chambers for developing participatory rural appraisal, a suite of largely visual techniques widely used in international and community development to elicit public views and ideas. IIED's Environmental Economics programme helped to develop some of the first 'green accounting' and eco-taxation techniques that are now used in government and industry. Richard Sandbrook lobbied some of the world's largest corporations to improve their environmental performance - notably in the mining sector.
Funders
IIED's Annual Report lists its sources of financial support.
Including: The Cooperative, Indufor Oy, Price Waterhouse Coopers Service, The British Petroleum Company, The Policy Practice. Work on Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development in the 2000s was operated separately from IIED offices to avoid corporate influence.
