Hundred Family Surnames


The Hundred Family Surnames is a classic Chinese text composed of common Chinese surnames. The book was composed in the early Song dynasty. It originally contained 411 surnames, and was later expanded to 504. Of these, 444 are single-character surnames, and 60 are double-character surnames. About 800 names have been derived from the original ones.
In the dynasties following the Song, the Three Character Classic, the Hundred Family Surnames, and Thousand Character Classic came to be known as San Bai Qian, from the first character in their titles. They were the almost universal introductory literary texts for students, almost exclusively boys, from elite backgrounds and even for a number of ordinary villagers. Each was available in many versions, printed cheaply, and available to all since they did not become superseded. When a student had memorized all three, he had a knowledge of roughly 2,000 characters. Since Chinese did not use an alphabet, this was an effective, though time-consuming, way of giving a "crash course" in character recognition before going on to understanding texts and writing characters.
The Hundred Family Surnames was translated into Manchu as .

Form

The work is a rhyming poem in lines of eight characters. The surnames are not listed in order of commonality. According to Song dynasty scholar Wang Mingqing, the first four surnames listed represent the most important families in the empire at the time:
The next four, Zhou 周, Wu 吳, Zheng 鄭, and Wang 王, were the surnames of the other wives of Qian Chu, the last king of Wuyue.

Complete text

This text is written in Traditional Chinese. Note that several of these characters may link to the same article.

Prevalence in Modern times

Under 300th most common

The following surnames are not among the 400 most common surnames according to a 2013 study: