The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillatorcircuit in which the oscillation frequency is determined by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, that is, an LC oscillator. The circuit was invented in 1915 by American engineer Ralph Hartley. The distinguishing feature of the Hartley oscillator is that the tuned circuit consists of a single capacitorin parallel with two inductors in series, and the feedback signal needed for oscillation is taken from the center connection of the two inductors.
History
The Hartley oscillator was invented by Hartley while he was working for the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company. Hartley invented and patented the design in 1915 while overseeing Bell System's transatlantic radiotelephone tests; it was awarded patent number 1,356,763 on October 26, 1920. Note that the basic schematic shown below labeled "Common-drain Hartley circuit" is essentially the same as in the patent drawing, except that the tube is replaced by a J-FET, and that the battery for a negative grid bias is not needed. In 1946 Hartley was awarded the IRE medal of honor "For his early work on oscillating circuits employing triode tubes and likewise for his early recognition and clear exposition of the fundamental relationship between the total amount of information which may be transmitted over a transmission system of limited band-width and the time required."
Operation
The Hartley oscillator is distinguished by a tank circuit consisting of two series-connected coils in parallel with a capacitor, with an amplifier between the relatively high impedance across the entire LC tank and the relatively low voltage/high current point between the coils. The original 1915 version used a triode as the amplifying device in common plate configuration, with three batteries, and separate adjustable coils. The simplified circuit shown to the right uses a JFET, an LC tank circuit and a single battery. The circuit illustrates the Hartley oscillator operation:
the output from the JFET's source has the same phase as the signal at its gate and roughly the same voltage as its input, but the current is amplified, i.e. it is acting as a current buffer or voltage-controlled voltage-source.
this low impedance output is then fed into the coil tapping, effectively into an autotransformer that will step up the voltage, requiring a relatively high current.
with the capacitor-coil resonance, all frequencies other than the tuned frequency will tend to be absorbed ; they will also shift the phase of the feedback from the 0° needed for oscillation at all but the tuned frequency.
Variations on the simple circuit often include ways to automatically reduce the amplifier gain to maintain a constant output voltage at a level below overload; the simple circuit above will limit the output voltage due to the gate conducting on positive peaks, effectively damping oscillations but not before significant distortion may result. Changing the tapped coil to two separate coils, as in the original patent schematic, still results in a working oscillator but now that the two coils are not magnetically coupled the inductance, and so frequency, calculation has to be modified, and the explanation of the voltage increase mechanism is more complicated than the autotransformer scenario. A quite different implementation using a tapped coil in an LC tank feedback arrangement is to employ a common-grid amplifier stage, which is still non-inverting but provides voltage gain instead of current gain; the coil tapping is still connected to the cathode, but this is now the input to the amplifier; the split tank circuit is now dropping the impedance from the relatively high output impedance of the plate. The Hartley oscillator is the dual of the Colpitts oscillator which uses a voltage divider made of two capacitors rather than two inductors. Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the two coil segments, the circuit is usually implemented using a tapped coil, with the feedback taken from the tap, as shown here. The optimal tapping point depends on the amplifying device used, which may be a bipolar junction transistor, FET, triode, or amplifier of almost any type, but a junction FET or triode is often employed as a good degree of amplitude stability can be achieved with a simple grid leak resistor-capacitor combination in series with the gate or grid thanks todiode conduction on signal peaks building up enough negative bias to limit amplification. The frequency of oscillation is approximately the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. If the capacitance of the tank capacitor is C and the total inductance of the tapped coil is L then If two uncoupled coils of inductance L1 and L2 are used then However, if the two coils are magnetically coupled the total inductance will be greater because of mutual inductancek The actual oscillation frequency will be slightly lower than given above, because of parasitic capacitance in the coil and loading by the transistor. Advantages of the Hartley oscillator :
The frequency may be adjusted using a single variable capacitor, one side of which can be earthed
The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range
Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed, and very few other components
Easy to create an accurate fixed-frequency crystal oscillator variation by replacing the capacitor with a quartz crystal or replacing the top half of the tank circuit with a crystal and grid-leak resistor.
Disadvantages:
Harmonic-rich output if taken from the amplifier and not directly from the LC circuit.
