Buffer amplifier


A buffer amplifier is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to another, with the aim of preventing the signal source from being affected by whatever currents that the load may be produced with. The signal is 'buffered from' load currents. Two main types of buffer exist: the voltage buffer and the current buffer.

Voltage buffer

A voltage buffer amplifier is used to transfer a voltage from a first circuit, having a high output impedance level, to a second circuit with a low input impedance level. The interposed buffer amplifier prevents the second circuit from loading the first circuit unacceptably and interfering with its desired operation. In the ideal voltage buffer in the diagram, the input resistance is infinite and the output resistance zero. Other properties of the ideal buffer are: perfect linearity, regardless of signal amplitudes; and instant output response, regardless of the speed of the input signal.
If the voltage is transferred unchanged, the amplifier is a unity gain buffer; also known as a voltage follower because the output voltage follows or tracks the input voltage. Although the voltage gain of a voltage buffer amplifier may be unity, it usually provides considerable current gain and thus power gain. However, it is commonplace to say that it has a gain of 1, referring to the voltage gain.
As an example, consider a Thévenin source driving a resistor load RL. Because of voltage division the voltage across the load is only VA RL / . However, if the Thévenin source drives a unity gain buffer such as that in Figure 1, the voltage input to the amplifier is VA, and with no voltage division because the amplifier input resistance is infinite. At the output the dependent voltage source delivers voltage Av VA = VA to the load, again without voltage division because the output resistance of the buffer is zero. A Thévenin equivalent circuit of the combined original Thévenin source and the buffer is an ideal voltage source VA with zero Thévenin resistance.

Current buffer

Typically a current buffer amplifier is used to transfer a current from a first circuit, having a low output impedance level, to a second circuit with a high input impedance level. The interposed buffer amplifier prevents the second circuit from loading the first circuit's current unacceptably and interfering with its desired operation. In the ideal current buffer in the diagram, the output impedance is infinite and the input impedance is zero. Again, other properties of the ideal buffer are: perfect linearity, regardless of signal amplitudes; and instant output response, regardless of the speed of the input signal.
For a current buffer, if the current is transferred unchanged, the amplifier is again a unity gain buffer; this time known as a current follower because the output current follows or tracks the input current.
As an example, consider a Norton source driving a resistor load RL. Because of current division the current delivered to the load is only IA RA / . However, if the Norton source drives a unity gain buffer such as that in Figure 1, the current input to the amplifier is IA, with no current division because the amplifier input resistance is zero. At the output the dependent current source delivers current βi IA = IA to the load, again without current division because the output resistance of the buffer is infinite. A Norton equivalent circuit of the combined original Norton source and the buffer is an ideal current source IA with infinite Norton resistance.

Voltage buffer examples

Op-amp implementation

A unity gain buffer amplifier may be constructed by applying a full series negative feedback to an op-amp simply by connecting its output to its inverting input, and connecting the signal source to the non-inverting input. Unity gain here implies a voltage gain of one, but significant current gain is expected. In this configuration, the entire output voltage is fed back into the inverting input. The difference between the non-inverting input voltage and the inverting input voltage is amplified by the op-amp. This connection forces the op-amp to adjust its output voltage simply equal to the input voltage.
The impedance of this circuit does not come from any change in voltage, but from the input and output impedances of the op-amp. The input impedance of the op-amp is very high, meaning that the input of the op-amp does not load down the source and draws only minimal current from it. Because the output impedance of the op-amp is very low, it drives the load as if it were a perfect voltage source. Both the connections to and from the buffer are therefore bridging connections, which reduce power consumption in the source, distortion from overloading, crosstalk and other electromagnetic interference.

Single-transistor circuits

Other unity gain buffer amplifiers include the bipolar junction transistor in common-collector configuration ; the field effect transistor in common-drain configuration ; or similar configurations using vacuum tubes, or other active devices. All such amplifiers actually have a gain of slightly less than unity, but the difference is usually small and unimportant.

Impedance transformation using the bipolar voltage follower

Using the small-signal circuit in Figure 4, the impedance seen looking into the circuit is
Assuming the usual case where rO >> RL, the impedance looking into the buffer is larger than the load RL without the buffer by a factor of, which is substantial because β is large. The impedance is increased even more by the added rπ, but often rπ << RL, so the addition does not make much difference

Impedance transformation using the MOSFET voltage follower

Using the small-signal circuit in Figure 5, the impedance seen looking into the circuit is no longer RL but instead is infinite because the MOSFET draws no current.
As frequency is increased, the parasitic capacitances of the transistors come into play and the transformed input impedance drops with frequency.

Chart of single-transistor amplifiers

Some configurations of single-transistor amplifier can be used as a buffer to isolate the driver from the load. For most digital applications, an NMOS voltage follower is the preferred configuration. These amplifiers have high input impedance, which means that the digital system will not need to supply a large current.
Amplifier typeMOSFET BJT Notes
Common gate/baseTypically used for current buffering
Common drain/collectorVoltage gain is close to unity, used for voltage buffering.

Logic buffer amplifiers

A non-linear buffer amplifier is sometimes used in digital circuits where a high current is required, perhaps for driving more gates than the normal fan-out of the logic family used, or for driving displays, or long wires, or other difficult loads. It is common for a single package to contain several discrete buffer amplifiers. For example, a hex buffer is a single package containing 6 discrete buffer amplifiers, and an octal buffer is a single package containing 8 discrete buffer amplifiers. The terms inverting buffer and non-inverting buffer effectively correspond with high-current capability single-input NOR or OR gates respectively.

Speaker array amplifiers

The majority of amplifiers used to drive large speaker arrays, such as those used for rock concerts, are amplifiers with 26-36dB voltage gain capable of high amounts of current into low impedance speaker arrays where the speakers are wired in parallel.

Current buffer examples

Simple unity gain buffer amplifiers include the bipolar junction transistor in common-base configuration, or the MOSFET in common-gate configuration. The current gain of a current buffer amplifier is unity.

Single-transistor circuits

Figure 6 shows a bipolar current buffer biased with a current source and driving another DC current source as active load. The AC input signal current iin is applied to the emitter node of the transistor by an AC Norton current source with Norton resistance RS. The AC output current iout is delivered by the buffer via a large coupling capacitor to load RL. This coupling capacitor is large enough to be a short-circuit at frequencies of interest.
Because the transistor output resistance connects input and output sides of the circuit, there is a backward voltage feedback from the output to the input so this circuit is not unilateral. In addition, for the same reason, the input resistance depends upon the output load resistance, and the output resistance depends significantly on the input driver resistance. For more detail see the article on common base amplifier.