Haplogroup R (mtDNA)


Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup R
is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U, F, R0, and JT.

Origin

Soares et al. estimate the age of haplogroup R to , that is, between roughly 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, with a most likely age near about 65,000 years.
This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.
It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India
show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status. Larruga et al. found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.
The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R*.

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.
The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri, as well as in Northeast Africa, the Middle East, the Near East, and the Arabian peninsula.
Haplogroup R has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.
Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.

Subclades

Found in Mauritius
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.