Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm


The Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm is an iterative algorithm for retrieving the phase of a pair of light distributions related via a propagating function, such as the Fourier transform, if their intensities at their respective optical planes are known.
It is often necessary to know only the phase distribution from one of the planes, since the phase distribution on the other plane can be obtained by performing a Fourier transform on the plane whose phase is known. Although often used for two-dimensional signals, the GS algorithm is also valid for one-dimensional signals.
The paper by R. W. Gerchberg and W. O. Saxton on this algorithm is entitled “A practical algorithm for the determination of the phase from image and diffraction plane pictures,” and was published in Optik.
The pseudocode below performs the GS algorithm to obtain a phase distribution for the plane, Source, such that its Fourier transform would have the amplitude distribution of the plane, Target.

Pseudocode algorithm

Let:
FT – forward Fourier transform
IFT – inverse Fourier transform
i – the imaginary unit, √−1
exp – exponential function
Target and Source be the Target and Source Amplitude planes respectively
A, B, C & D be complex planes with the same dimension as Target and Source
Amplitude – Amplitude-extracting function:
e.g. for complex z = x + iy, amplitude = sqrt
for real x, amplitude = |x|
Phase – Phase extracting function:
e.g. Phase = arctan
end Let
algorithm Gerchberg–Saxton is
A := IFT
while error criterion is not satisfied
B := Amplitude × exp
C := FT
D := Amplitude × exp
A := IFT
end while
Retrieved_Phase = Phase
This is just one of the many ways to implement the GS algorithm. Aside from optimizations, others may start by performing a forward Fourier transform to the source distribution.