Esther Shemitz


Esther Shemitz, also known as "Esther Chambers" and "Mrs. Whittaker Chambers," was a 20th-Century American painter and illustrator who, as wife of ex-Soviet spy Whittaker Chambers, provided testimony that "helped substantiate" her husband's allegations during the Hiss Case.

Background

Shemitz was born on June 25, 1900, in New York City. She was the youngest child of Rabbi Benjamin Shemitz and Rose Thorner. The family soon moved from New York City to New Haven, Connecticut, where they ran a candy store. The family had immigrated to the U.S. in the 1890s from the "Podolsk Province."
In the late 1910s, Shemitz attended the Rand School. At Rand in the same period were Nerma Berman, the wife of the Soviet spy Cy Oggins, and CPUSA Fosterite Carrie Katz, the first wife of philosopher Sidney Hook. In May 1920, Algernon Lee, educational director, presided over the graduation of the second-largest class ever at Rand, whose members included: John J. Bardsley, William D. Bavelaar, Annie S. Buller, Louis Cohan, Harry A. Durlauf, Clara Friedman, Rebecca Goldberg, William Greenspoon, Isabella E. Hall, Ammon A. Hennsey, Hedwig Holmes, Annie Kronhardt, Anna P. Lee, Victoria Levinson, Elsie Lindenberg, Selma Melms, Hyman Neback, Bertha Ruvinsky, Celia Samorodin, Mae Schiff, Esther T. Shemitz, Nathan S. Spivak, Esther Silverman, Sophia Ruderman, and Clara Walters.

Career

Painter, illustrator

During the early 1920s, Shemitz took a job at a chapter of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union under Juliet Stuart Poyntz in return for a stipend to the Leonardo da Vinci Art School. On the night of April 5, 1922, "Esther T. Schemitz," described as "secretary-treasurer" of the ILGWU's Mount Vernon chapter, was arrested for "disorderly conduct" because she allegedly called a special police officer a "professional strike breaker." Shemitz made bail within two hours of jailing.
In 1926, Shemitz roomed on East 11 Street on the Lower East Side with writer Grace Lumpkin, and they both worked at The World Tomorrow magazine. During her time at the magazine, contributors included "social reformers, suffrage leaders, black intellectuals, labor activists, and a range of other progressives; people published in that period include: "Jane Addams, Carrie Chapman Cott, Babette Deutsch, Alain Locke, A.J. Muste, Reinhold Niebuhr, William Pickens, Upton Sinclair, Olive Schreiner, Vida Scudder, and Wallace Thurman." Shemitz also served as the advertising manager at the New Masses in 1926. In December 1926, on behalf of the World Tomorrow, Shemitz took Rebecca West to see the Passaic Textile Strike: at the Botany Worsted Mills, Shemtiz was beaten and arrested along with Sophie Shulman of the New Masses magazine and Sender Garlin.
In the latter 1920s, Shemitz studied at the Art Students League under Boardman Robinson, Jan Matulka and Thomas Hart Benton. Her classmates included the future Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist and muralist Jacob Burck and the writer-illustrator Irwin Shapiro. Shemitz also contributed cartoons to the Daily Worker newspaper.
In 1929, she was one of many signatories to form the John Reed Club in New York. She illustrated books for International Publishers, notably Labor and Silk by Grace Hutchins, with a cover designed by Louis Lozowick. Other artists who contributed to books published by Alexander Trachtenberg included William Siegel and Hugo Gellert.
, where Shemitz and fellow John Reed Club artists exhibited in 1929
At year-end 1929, she partook in the first-ever art exhibition of the club, held at the United Workers Cooperatives apartment buildings on Bronx Park East. Artists in the show included: Jacob Burck, Fred Ellis, William Gropper, Eitaro Ishigaki, , Louis Lozowick, Jan Matulka, Morris Pass, Anton Refregier, Louis Leon Ribak, Otto Soglow, and Art Young.
In 1930, Shemitz worked briefly for the Soviet-controlled Amtorg Trading Corporation, AMTORG, a job found for her by Hutchin's partner Anna Rochester.
In May 1930, Shemitz joined scores of artists, writers, and educators–all members of the John Reed Club in signing a protest against "Red-baiting" protest. They included: Sherwood Anderson, Franz Boas, Walt Carmon, Malcolm Cowley, Floyd Dell, Carl Van Doren, John Dos Passos, Max Eastman, Fred Ellis, Kenneth Fearing, Waldo Frank, Harry Freeman, Hugo Gellert, Michael Gold, William Gropper, Jack Hardy, Josephine Herbst, Eitaro Ishigaki, Alfred Kreymborg, Joshua Kunitz, Louis Lozowick, A.B. Magil, H.L. Mencken, Scott Nearing, Joseph North, Isidore Schneider, Edwin Seaver, Edith Segal, Upton Sinclair, John Sloan, Raphael Soyer, Genevieve Taggard, Carlo Tresca, Louis Untermeyer, Edmund Wilson, and Art Young. At least one co-signer was a classmate, another a roommate, two were sponsors, and two were teachers.
In April 1931, she married Whittaker Chambers. In May 1931, she contributed a cartoon to the New Masses magazine. In 1932, when her husband's name appeared as an editor, the names of Esther Shemitz and Jacob Burck appeared as contributors for the New Masses alongside longer-term contributors like Louis Lozowick, Hugo Gellert, William Gropper, William Siegel, and Joseph Vogel.

Soviet underground

Shemitz cut short her own art career when her husband entered the Soviet underground in mid-1932. Thus, unlike most of her circle, who contributed to publications such as the Daily Worker newspaper and New Masses magazine, she did not become one of the New Deal's Federal Art Project artists during the latter part of the Great Depression and into World War II.
, Shemitz's older brother
In 1938, when Chambers defected from the underground, Grace Hutchins delivered a death threat against him, through her brother, attorney Reuben Shemitz. Later, following a grand jury investigation in December 1948, Reuben Shemitz told the press:
said she wanted to see him on a 'matter of life and death'... She assured me that no harm would come to my sister or her children if Whit would get in touch with someone known to Whit as Steve.

In his 1952 memoir, Chambers detailed:

She managed the family's Pipe Creek Farm during its many active years from the late 1930s until the mid-1950s.

Hiss Case

During deposition for the slander suit of Alger Hiss against Chambers in 1948, the Hiss legal team's rough treatment of Shemitz was the final factor in leading Chambers to disclose the existence of his "life preserver," which contained the "Baltimore Documents" and the "Pumpkin Papers." During the Hiss Case and trials, Shemitz corroborated and often augmented much of her husband's testimony.
In December 1948, with indictments in the Hiss Case pending, Shemitz struck an elderly female pedestrian with her car; the woman soon died. The accident made front pages:
Soon after, the case was dropped, as the victim had repeatedly attempted suicide by jumping in front of oncoming cars.

Aftermath

Shemitz was subject to rumors from Hiss supporters, particularly one in which not only were she and Lumpkin lesbian lovers but they were also involved in a four-way menage with their allegedly gay husbands – most recently put forward in biography of lesbians Anna Rochester and Grace Hutchins. In fact, Hutchins was the source of many such rumors: another she spread to the Hiss defense team during the Hiss trials was that Shemitz had told Hutchins that Chambers had spent time in the Westchester Division of the Bloomingdale Hospital for Mental Diseases, a claim she later withdrew. A.B. Magil told Elinor Ferry that Chambers' wife and her roommate Grace Lumpkin appeared to be lesbians. "Esther was masculine in appearance and in her voice. Grace was the softer, more feminine type." The overall experience of the Hiss Case led Shemitz to avoid all press and never speak to researchers, including Allen Weinstein.

Personal life and death

Shemitz's older brother was attorney Reuben Shemitz. A nephew was Nathan Levine; another was Sylvan Shemitz.
In 1926, Whittaker Chambers first saw Shemitz at the Passaic Textile Strike, which he described at length in his 1952 memoir.
In 1930, Chambers and friend Mike Intrator began to court Shemitz and Lumpkin; both couples married in 1931. Shemitz's marriage was witnessed by Grace Hutchins and her life partner Anna Rochester. Shemitz and Chambers had a daughter in 1933 and a son in 1936.
Once Chambers defected, husband and wife lived at the Pipe Creek Farm, near Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, for the rest of their lives.
The couple had two children, Ellen and John, during the 1930s.. Daughter Ellen died in 2017. Her children are Stephen, Pamela, and John.
Shemitz made her first and only trip abroad, to Europe, with Chambers in the summer of 1959, during which they met Arthur Koestler and Margarete Buber-Neumann among others.
When Chambers died of his seventh heart attack on July 9, 1961, Shemitz collapsed and was rushed to the nearest hospital in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Her physician Dr. E. Reese Wilkins had her admitted in critical condition into Warner Hospital at 02:45AM on Monday, July 10, where Dr. Raymond F. Sheely attended her.
On August 16, 1986, she died age 86 at her home.

Works

Paintings, illustrations

All of Shemitz's paintings are held privately by her family or friends.
Her illustrations appeared in the Daily Worker newspaper, the New Masses magazine, and the book Labor and Silk and include: