Federal Art Project


The Federal Art Project was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration, and the largest of the New Deal art projects. It was created not as a cultural activity but as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The WPA Federal Art Project established more than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American design, commissioned a significant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some 10,000 artists and craft workers during the Great Depression.

Background

The Federal Art Project was the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era Works Progress Administration, a Federal One program. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, it operated from August 29, 1935, until June 30, 1943. It was created as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, Index of American Design documentation, museum and theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The Federal Art Project operated community art centers throughout the country where craft workers and artists worked, exhibited and educated others. The project created more than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining among the most significant pieces of public art in the country.
The Federal Art Project's primary goals were to employ out-of-work artists and to provide art for non-federal municipal buildings and public spaces. Artists were paid $23.60 a week; tax-supported institutions such as schools, hospitals and public buildings paid only for materials. The work was divided into art production, art instruction and art research. The primary output of the art-research group was the Index of American Design, a mammoth and comprehensive study of American material culture.
As many as 10,000 artists were commissioned to produce work for the WPA Federal Art Project, the largest of the New Deal art projects. Three comparable but distinctly separate New Deal art projects were administered by the United States Department of the Treasury: the Public Works of Art Project, the Section of Painting and Sculpture and the Treasury Relief Art Project.
The WPA program made no distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art. Abstraction had not yet gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s and, thus, was virtually unsalable. As a result, the Federal Art Project supported such iconic artists as Jackson Pollock before their work could earn them income.
One particular success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, which started in 1935 as an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability. The project came to employ approximately 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women and the long-term unemployed. Historian John Gurda observed that the city's unemployment hovered at 40 percent in 1933. "In that year," he said, "53 percent of Milwaukee's property taxes went unpaid because people just could not afford to make the tax payments." Workers were taught bookbinding, block printing and design, which they used to create handmade art books and children's books. They produced toys, dolls, theatre costumes, quilts, rugs, draperies, wall hangings and furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals and municipal organizations for the cost of materials only. In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, furniture was found that was still being used at the Milwaukee Public Library.
Holger Cahill was national director of the Federal Art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region ; Clement B. Haupers, director for Minnesota; and Robert Bruce Inverarity, director for Washington state. Regional New York State supervisors of the Federal Art Project have included sculptor William Ehrich of the Buffalo Unit, project director of the Buffalo Zoo expansion.

Notable artists

Some 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the Federal Art Project. Notable artists include the following:
The first federally sponsored community art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, North Carolina.
StateCityNameNotes
AlabamaBirminghamExtension art gallery
AlabamaBirminghamHealey School Art Gallery
AlabamaMobileMobile Art Center, Public Library Building
ArizonaPhoenixPhoenix Art Center
District of ColumbiaWashington, D.C.Children's Art Gallery
FloridaBradentonBradenton Art Center
FloridaCoral GablesCoral Gables Art GalleryExtension art gallery
FloridaDaytona BeachDaytona Beach Art Center
FloridaJacksonvilleJacksonville Art Center
FloridaJacksonvilleJacksonville Beach Art GalleryExtension art gallery
FloridaJacksonvilleJacksonville Negro Art CenterExtension art gallery
FloridaKey WestKey West Community Art Center
FloridaMiamiMiami Art Center
FloridaMiltonMilton Art GalleryExtension art gallery
FloridaNew Smyrna BeachNew Smyrna Beach Art Center
FloridaOcalaOcala Art Center
FloridaPensacolaPensacola Art Center
FloridaSt. PetersburgJordan Park Negro Exhibition Center
FloridaSt. PetersburgSt. Petersburg Art Center
FloridaSt. PetersburgSt. Petersburg Civic Exhibition Center
FloridaTampaTampa Art Center
FloridaTampaWest Tampa Negro Art Gallery
IllinoisChicagoHyde Park Art Center
IllinoisChicagoSouth Side Community Art Center
IowaMason CityMason City Art Center
IowaOttumwaOttumwa Art Center
IowaSioux CitySioux City Art Center
KansasTopekaTopeka Art Center
MinnesotaMinneapolisWalker Art Center
MississippiGreenvilleDelta Art Center
MississippiOxfordOxford Art Center
MississippiSunflowerSunflower County Art Center
MissouriSt. LouisThe People's Art Center
MontanaButteButte Art Center
MontanaGreat FallsGreat Falls Art Center
New MexicoGallupGallup Art Center
New MexicoMelroseMelrose Art Center
New MexicoRoswellRoswell Museum and Art Center
New York CityBrooklynBrooklyn Community Art Center
New York CityManhattanContemporary Art Center
New York CityHarlemHarlem Community Art Center
New York CityFlushing, QueensQueensboro Community Art Center
North CarolinaCaryCary GalleryExtension art gallery
North CarolinaGreensboroGreensboro Art Center
North CarolinaGreenvilleGreenville Art Gallery
North CarolinaRaleighCrosby-Garfield SchoolExtension art gallery
North CarolinaRaleighNeedham B. Broughton High SchoolExtension art gallery
North CarolinaRaleighRaleigh Art Center
North CarolinaWilmingtonWilmington Art Center
OklahomaBristowBristow Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaClaremoreClaremore Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaClaremoreWill Rogers Public LibraryExtension art gallery
OklahomaClintonClinton Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaCushingCushing Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaEdmondEdmond Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaMarlowMarlow Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaOklahoma CityOklahoma Art Center
OklahomaOkmulgeeOkmulgee Art CenterExtension art gallery
OklahomaSapulpaSapulpa Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaShawneeShawnee Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OklahomaSkiatookSkiatook Art GalleryExtension art gallery
OregonGold BeachCurry County Art Center
OregonLa GrandeGrande Ronde Valley Art Center
OregonSalemSalem Art Center
PennsylvaniaSomersetSomerset Art Center
TennesseeChattanoogaHamilton County Art Center
TennesseeMemphisLeMoyne Art Center
TennesseeNashvillePeabody Art Center
TennesseeNorrisAnderson County Art Center
UtahCedar CityCedar City Art Exhibition AssociationExtension art gallery
UtahHelperHelper Community GalleryExtension art gallery
UtahPricePrice Community GalleryExtension art gallery
UtahProvoProvo Community GalleryExtension art gallery
UtahSalt Lake CityUtah State Art Center
VirginiaAltavistaAltavista Extension GalleryExtension art gallery
VirginiaBig Stone GapBig Stone Gap Art Gallery
VirginiaLynchburgLynchburg Art Gallery
VirginiaRichmondChildren's Art Gallery
VirginiaSaludaMiddlesex County MuseumExtension art gallery
WashingtonChehalisLewis County Exhibition CenterExtension art gallery
WashingtonPullmanWashington State CollegeExtension art gallery
WashingtonSpokaneSpokane Art Center
West VirginiaMorgantownMorgantown Art Center
West VirginiaParkersburgParkersburg Art Center
West VirginiaScotts RunScotts Run Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingCasperCasper Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingLanderLander Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingLaramieLaramie Art Center
WyomingNewcastleLander Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingRawlinsRawlins Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingRivertonRiverton Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingRock SpringsRock Springs Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingSheridanSheridan Art GalleryExtension art gallery
WyomingTorringtonTorrington Art GalleryExtension art gallery

Index of American Design

The Index of American Design program of the Federal Art Project produced a pictorial survey of the crafts and decorative arts of the United States from the early colonial period to 1900. Artists working for the Index produced nearly 18,000 meticulously faithful watercolor drawings, documenting material culture by largely anonymous artisans. Objects range from furniture, silver, glass, stoneware and textiles to tavern signs, ships's figureheads, cigar-store figures, carousel horses, toys, tools and weather vanes. Photography was used only to a limited degree since artists could more accurately and effectively present the form, character, color and texture of the objects. The best drawings approach the work of such 19th-century trompe-l'œil painters as William Harnett; lesser works represent the process of artists who were given employment and expert training.
"It was not a nostalgic or antiquarian enterprise," wrote historian Roger G. Kennedy. "It was initiated by modernists dedicated to abstract design, hoping to influence industrial design — thus in many ways it parallelled the founding philosophy of the Museum of Modern Art in New York."
, national director of the Federal Art Project, speaking at the Harlem Community Art Center
Like all WPA programs, the Index had the primary purpose of providing employment. Its function was to identify and record material of historical significance that had not been studied and was in danger of being lost. Its aim was to gather together these pictorial records into a body of material that would form the basis for organic development of American design — a usable American past accessible to artists, designers, manufacturers, museums, libraries and schools. The United States had no single comprehensive collection of authenticated historical native design comparable to those available to scholars, artists and industrial designers in Europe.
"In one sense the Index is a kind of archaeology," wrote Holger Cahill. "It helps to correct a bias which has tended to relegate the work of the craftsman and the folk artist to the subconscious of our history where it can be recovered only by digging. In the past we have lost whole sequences out of their story, and have all but forgotten the unique contribution of hand skills in our culture."
The Index of American Design operated in 34 states and the District of Columbia from 1935 to 1942. It was founded by Romana Javitz, head of the Picture Collection of the New York Public Library, and textile designer Ruth Reeves. Reeves was appointed the first national coordinator; she was succeeded by C. Adolph Glassgold and Benjamin Knotts. Constance Rourke was national editor. The work is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
The Index employed an average of 300 artists during its six years in operation. One artist was Magnus S. Fossum, a longtime farmer who was compelled by the Depression to move from the Midwest to Florida. After he lost his left hand in an accident in 1934, he produced watercolor renderings for the Index, using magnifiers and drafting instruments for accuracy and precision. Fossum eventually received an insurance settlement that made it possible for him to buy another farm and leave the Federal Art Project.

WPA Art Recovery Project

Hundreds of thousands of artworks were commissioned under the Federal Art Project. Many of the portable works have been lost, abandoned or given away as unauthorized gifts. As custodian of the work, which remains Federal property, the General Services Administration maintains an inventory and works with the FBI and art community to identify and recover WPA art. In 2010 it produced a 22-minute documentary about the WPA Art Recovery Project, "Returning America’s Art to America", narrated by Charles Osgood.
In July 2014, the General Services Administration estimated that only 20,000 of the portable works have been located to date. In 2015, GSA investigators found 122 Federal Art Project paintings in California libraries, where most had been stored and forgotten.