Crosses in heraldry


A number of cross symbols were developed for the purpose of the emerging system of heraldry, which appeared in western Europe in about 1200. This tradition is partly in the use of the Christian cross an emblem from the 11th century, and increasingly during the age of the Crusades. Many cross variants were developed in the classical tradition of heraldry during the late medieval and early modern periods. Heraldic crosses are inherited in modern iconographic traditions and are used in numerous national flags.

History

The Christian cross emblem was used from the 5th century, deriving from a T-shape representing the gibbet of the crucifixion of Jesus in use from at least the 2nd century. The globus cruciger and the staurogram is used in Byzantine coins and seals during the Heraclian period. Under the Heraclian dynasty, coins also depict simply crosses potent, patty or pommy.
The cross was used as a field sign by the Christian troops during the Crusades. In 1188, Kings Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to launch the Third Crusade together, and that Henry would use a white cross and Philip a red cross. The red-on-white cross came to be used by the Knights Templar, and the white-on-red one by the Knights Hospitaller ; the Teutonic Order used a black-on white version. Early cross or spiral-like shield decorations, not necessarily with Christian symbolism, are already found on depictions of shields of the 11th century.
Heraldry emerged in western Europe at the start of the 13th century out of earlier traditions. The basic variants of the red-on-white and the white-on-red crusaders' cross were continued independently in the flags of various states in the 13th and 14th century, including the Duchy of Genoa, the Electorate of Trier, the Bishopric of Constance and the Kingdoms of England and Georgia, which last two had special devotions to St George. on one hand; and Savoy, the war flag of the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland and Denmark on the other.
The cross appears as heraldic charge in the oldest rolls of arms, from about 1250. A roll of arms of the 13th century lists the coats of arms of various noblemen distinguished by crosses of different tinctures:
Glover's Roll, a 16th-century copy of a roll of arms of the 1250s has depictions of various heraldic crosses, including
the or a cross gules of the earl of Norfolk,
gules, a cross argent of Peter of Savoy,
argent a cross gules of Robert de Veer,
gules a cross flory vair of Guillaume de Forz, Comte d'Aumale,
gules a cross fleury argent of Guillaume Vescy,
gules a cross saltire engrele of Fulke de Escherdestone,
argent a cross fleury azure of John Lexington,
azure three crosses or of William de Sarren,
or a cross gules, five scallops argent of Ralph Bigod,
gules a cross fourchy argent of Gilbert de Vale,
argent a cross fleury sable of John Lamplowe,
or a cross saltire gules, a chief gules of Robert de Brus,
gules a cross saltire argent of Robert de Neville, or a cross voided gules of Hamond de Crevecoeur,
and azure a cross or, four lions rampant or of Baudouin Dakeney. In addition, the Glover Roll has semy of crosses crosslet as a tincture in several coats of arms.
The desire to distinguish one's coat of arms from others led to a period of substantial innovation in producing variants of the basic Christian cross by the early 14th century.
The great number of variants of crosses, and the deep history of such variants results in confusing and often contradictory terminology.
In the heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire, the cross is comparatively rare in the coats of arms of noble families, presumably because the plain heraldic cross was seen as an imperial symbol, but in the 14th century the plain cross is used in the seals and flags of several prince-bishoprics, including Trier, Constance and Cologne.
Looking back on the crusades as the foundational period of knighthood, the badge of the cross became strongly associated with the idealized Christian knight of romance, as expressed by Spenser :
The black-on-white cross worn by the Teutonic Knights was granted by Innocent III in 1205. The coat of arms representing the grand master is shown with a golden cross fleury or cross potent superimposed on the black cross, with the imperial eagle as a central inescutcheon. The golden cross fleury overlaid on the black cross becomes widely used in the 15th century. A legendary account attributes its introduction to Louis IX of France, who on 20 August 1250 granted the master of the order this cross as a variation of the Jerusalem cross, with the fleur-de-lis symbol attached to each arm. While this legendary account cannot be traced back further than the early modern period there is some evidence that the design does indeed date to the mid 13th century. The black cross patty was later used for military decoration and insignia by the Kingdom of Prussia and gave rise to the cross patty in the German Reichskriegsflagge and the Iron Cross and Pour le Mérite orders.
The Nordic cross is an 18th-century innovation derived from cross flags adapted as swallow-tailed pennons
used as civil ensigns; the first official introduction of such a flag was in a regulation of 11 June 1748 describing the Danish civil ensign for merchant ships. The Danish design was adopted for the flags of Norway and Sweden, both derived from a common ensign used during the Union between Sweden and Norway 1818-1844, Iceland and Finland.

Ordinary cross

The blazon Cross without any addition signifies a heraldic ordinary, a pale and a fess of equal widths conjoined, the width being typically one-fifth of the shield. The four arms should be of equal length, as far as possible within the shape of the shield, and they meet in the center of the shield, except when it is abased in the presence of a chief. The plain cross of gules in a field argent is termed the Cross of Saint George.
The ordinary cross may further be modify in its flection, embattled, indented, invected, wavy,, raguly, dancetty or dantelly, and so on. French heraldic terminology is even more diverse, with many synonyms leading to some confusion.
The ordinary cross may also be varied in its tincture, it may be party, or chequy, compony, counter-compony, fretty, trellised, vair maçonnée and so on. It may also be of two tinctures, e.g. party per fesse, per pale, or per cross, mostly in connection with the partition of the field.
The term quarter-pierced is used when the center of the cross has a separate tincture. Some heraldists have used quarter-voided or square-pierced for cases where the center of the cross is given the tincture of the field, or alternatively chequy of nine panes. A cross quadrate has a square at the intersection point.
The cross voided has the same tincture of the field with only a narrow border outlining the limbs. This is equivalent to superimposing one cross upon another when the second cross is of the tincture of the field.
A voided cross might also be blazoned as fimbriated. Fimbriated crosses are more common in vexillology, e.g. the fimbriated crosses in the national flags of the United Kingdom, of Norway and of Iceland. The German Balkenkreuz, introduced originally as identification for German Luftstreitkräfte in 1918 and later used as a vehicle emblem by the Wehrmacht, if used heraldically might be blazoned as a cross double fimbriated, or as a voided cross superimposed by a second cross. The "Bundeswehr cross" is a variant of the Balkenkreuz using a cross patty.

Named variants

Equal limbs

Unequal limbs

Additional charges

In some cases, a separate name is given to the ensemble of a heraldic cross with four additional charges in the angles.
PictureNameDescription
Cross-and-crosslets
The symbol of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, which existed for almost two hundred years after the First Crusade; in the rendering at left, the large cross is shown slightly "potent", but that is not always the case. The four smaller crosses are said to symbolize either the four books of the Gospel or the four directions in which the Word of Christ spread from Jerusalem. Alternatively, all five crosses can symbolize the five wounds of Christ during the Passion. This symbol is used in the flag of Georgia. Also found in the coat of arms of the Papal Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, Vatican City —to be seen at various ; also in the Canadian coat of Robert Gerald Guest.
Tetragrammatic cross
A Greek cross with the letter B in each of its angles, which represent the imperial motto of the Palaiologos dynasty. The Serbian cross variant with four "firesteel" shapes develops in the early modern Illyrian Armorials.

Flags

Flags with crosses are recorded from the later Middle Ages, e.g. in the early 14th century the insignia cruxata comunis of the city of Genoa, the red-on-white cross that would later become known as St George's Cross, and the white-on-red cross of the Reichssturmfahne used as the war flag of the Holy Roman Emperor possibly from the early 13th century.
Crosses on flags become more widespread in the Age of Sail, as maritime flags, and from this tradition develop into national flags in the 18th to 19th century, the British Union flag was introduced in 1606, after the Union of the Crowns. The Nordic cross is a modern cross variant used on rectangular flags only, introduced for rectangular civil ensigns for Denmark in 1748. This is to be distinguished from the heraldic charge of a horizontal Latin cross, known as the "Cross of Saint Philipp".
Several national flags are based on late medieval war flags, including the white-on-red crosses of the flag of Denmark and the flag of Switzerland. The elongated Nordic cross originates in the 18th century due to the rectangular shape of maritime flags.
The Red Cross flag originates in 1906 as a colour-switched version of the flag of Switzerland.