Convex uniform honeycomb


In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.
Twenty-eight such honeycombs are known:
They can be considered the three-dimensional analogue to the uniform tilings of the plane.
The Voronoi diagram of any lattice forms a convex uniform honeycomb in which the cells are zonohedra.

History

Only 14 of the convex uniform polyhedra appear in these patterns:
This set can be called the regular and semiregular honeycombs. It has been called the Archimedean honeycombs by analogy with the convex uniform polyhedra, commonly called Archimedean solids. Recently Conway has suggested naming the set as the Architectonic tessellations and the dual honeycombs as the Catoptric tessellations.
The individual honeycombs are listed with names given to them by Norman Johnson.
For cross-referencing, they are given with list indices from Andreini, Williams, Johnson, and Grünbaum. Coxeter uses δ4 for a cubic honeycomb, hδ4 for an alternated cubic honeycomb, qδ4 for a quarter cubic honeycomb, with subscripts for other forms based on the ring patterns of the Coxeter diagram.

Compact Euclidean uniform tessellations (by their infinite Coxeter group families)

The fundamental infinite Coxeter groups for 3-space are:
  1. The, , cubic,
  2. The, , alternated cubic,
  3. The cyclic group, or ],
There is a correspondence between all three families. Removing one mirror from produces, and removing one mirror from produces. This allows multiple constructions of the same honeycombs. If cells are colored based on unique positions within each Wythoff construction, these different symmetries can be shown.
In addition there are 5 special honeycombs which don't have pure reflectional symmetry and are constructed from reflectional forms with elongation and gyration operations.
The total unique honeycombs above are 18.
The prismatic stacks from infinite Coxeter groups for 3-space are:
  1. The ×, prismatic group,
  2. The ×, prismatic group,
  3. The ×, prismatic group,
  4. The ××, prismatic group,
In addition there is one special elongated form of the triangular prismatic honeycomb.
The total unique prismatic honeycombs above are 10.
Combining these counts, 18 and 10 gives us the total 28 uniform honeycombs.

The C~3, 4,3,4 group (cubic)

The regular cubic honeycomb, represented by Schläfli symbol, offers seven unique derived uniform honeycombs via truncation operations. The reflectional symmetry is the affine Coxeter group . There are four index 2 subgroups that generate alternations: , , , and +, with the first two generated repeated forms, and the last two are nonuniform.

B~3, 4,31,1 group

The, group offers 11 derived forms via truncation operations, four being unique uniform honeycombs. There are 3 index 2 subgroups that generate alternations: , , and +. The first generates repeated honeycomb, and the last two are nonuniform but included for completeness.
The honeycombs from this group are called alternated cubic because the first form can be seen as a cubic honeycomb with alternate vertices removed, reducing cubic cells to tetrahedra and creating octahedron cells in the gaps.
Nodes are indexed left to right as 0,1,0',3 with 0' being below and interchangeable with 0. The alternate cubic names given are based on this ordering.

A~3, 3[4)] group

There are 5 forms constructed from the, ] Coxeter group, of which only the quarter cubic honeycomb is unique. There is one index 2 subgroup ]+ which generates the snub form, which is not uniform, but included for completeness.

Nonwythoffian forms (gyrated and elongated)

Three more uniform honeycombs are generated by breaking one or another of the above honeycombs where its faces form a continuous plane, then rotating alternate layers by 60 or 90 degrees and/or inserting a layer of prisms.
The elongated and gyroelongated alternated cubic tilings have the same vertex figure, but are not alike. In the elongated form, each prism meets a tetrahedron at one triangular end and an octahedron at the other. In the gyroelongated form, prisms that meet tetrahedra at both ends alternate with prisms that meet octahedra at both ends.
The gyroelongated triangular prismatic tiling has the same vertex figure as one of the plain prismatic tilings; the two may be derived from the gyrated and plain triangular prismatic tilings, respectively, by inserting layers of cubes.
Referenced
indices		symbolHoneycomb namecell types Solids
Frames
vertex figure
J52
A2'
G2
O22		h:ggyrated alternated cubic tetrahedron
octahedron
triangular orthobicupola
J61
A?
G3
O24		h:gegyroelongated alternated cubic triangular prism
tetrahedron
octahedron
J62
A?
G4
O23		h:eelongated alternated cubic triangular prism
tetrahedron
octahedron
J63
A?
G12
O12		:g × gyrated triangular prismatic triangular prism
J64
A?
G15
O13		:ge × gyroelongated triangular prismatic triangular prism
cube

Prismatic stacks

Eleven prismatic tilings are obtained by stacking the eleven uniform plane tilings, shown below, in parallel layers. The vertex figure of each is an irregular bipyramid whose faces are isosceles triangles.

The C~2×I~1(∞), 4,4,2,∞, prismatic group

There are only 3 unique honeycombs from the square tiling, but all 6 tiling truncations are listed below for completeness, and tiling images are shown by colors corresponding to each form.
IndicesCoxeter-Dynkin
and Schläfli
symbols		Honeycomb namePlane
tiling		Solids
Tiling
J11,15
A1
G22
×		Cubic
J11,15
A1
G22
r×		Cubic
J11,15
A1
G22
rr×		Cubic
J45
A6
G24
t×		Truncated/Bitruncated square prismatic
J45
A6
G24
tr×		Truncated/Bitruncated square prismatic
J44
A11
G14
sr×		Snub square prismatic
Nonuniform
ht0,1,2,3

The G~2xI~1(∞), 6,3,2,∞ prismatic group

Enumeration of Wythoff forms

All nonprismatic Wythoff constructions by Coxeter groups are given below, along with their alternations. Uniform solutions are indexed with Branko Grünbaum's listing. Green backgrounds are shown on repeated honeycombs, with the relations are expressed in the extended symmetry diagrams.

Examples

All 28 of these tessellations are found in crystal arrangements.
The alternated cubic honeycomb is of special importance since its vertices form a cubic close-packing of spheres. The space-filling truss of packed octahedra and tetrahedra was apparently first discovered by Alexander Graham Bell and independently re-discovered by Buckminster Fuller.
. Octet trusses are now among the most common types of truss used in construction.

Frieze forms

If cells are allowed to be uniform tilings, more uniform honeycombs can be defined:
Families:
Cubic slab honeycomb
Alternated hexagonal slab honeycomb
Trihexagonal slab honeycomb

43: cube
44: square tiling
33: tetrahedron
34: octahedron
36: hexagonal tiling
3.4.4: triangular prism
4.4.6: hexagonal prism
2: trihexagonal tiling

Scaliform honeycomb

A scaliform honeycomb is vertex-transitive, like a uniform honeycomb, with regular polygon faces while cells and higher elements are only required to be orbiforms, equilateral, with their vertices lying on hyperspheres. For 3D honeycombs, this allows a subset of Johnson solids along with the uniform polyhedra. Some scaliforms can be generated by an alternation process, leaving, for example, pyramid and cupola gaps.

Hyperbolic forms

There are 9 Coxeter group families of compact uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic 3-space, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by ring permutations of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams for each family.
From these 9 families, there are a total of 76 unique honeycombs generated:
The full list of hyperbolic uniform honeycombs has not been proven and an unknown number of non-Wythoffian forms exist. One known example is in the family.

Paracompact hyperbolic forms

There are also 23 paracompact Coxeter groups of rank 4. These families can produce uniform honeycombs with unbounded facets or vertex figure, including ideal vertices at infinity:
TypeCoxeter groupsUnique honeycomb count
Linear graphs4×15+6+8+8 = 82
Tridental graphs4+4+0 = 8
Cyclic graphs4×9+5+1+4+1+0 = 47
Loop-n-tail graphs4+4+4+2 = 14