Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 27th Congress, and was in session from 1986 until 1990. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the 27th Politburo, the 27th Secretariat and the 27th Party Control Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
History
Election and composition
The 27th Congress witnessed the greatest turnover of Central Committee members in the party's history since 22nd Party Congress during Nikita Khrushchev's leadership. The numbers of full membership were reduced from 319 in the 26th Central Committee to 307, while candidate membership was increased from 151 to 170. Of the 307 full members elected to the 27th Central Committee, 102 were newcomers. 25 officials, who had previously served as candidate members in the 26th Central Committee, were promoted to full membership. In total 125 new full members were appointed, making up 41 percent. 182 members were reelected to the 27th Central Committee, a decrease from the 26th Congress, in which 238 were reelected. Of the 170 candidate members, 54 were reelected, while the other 116 were newcomers. The 1st Plenary Session elected Lev Zaykov to full membership in the Politburo, while Nikolay Slyunkov and Yuri Solovyev were given Politburo candidate membership. The plenum elected five newcomers to the Secretariat; Alexandra Biryukova, Anatoly Dobrynin, Vadim Medvedev, Georgy Razumovsky and Alexander Yakovlev. The 1st Plenary Session reelected Mikhail Gorbachev to the office of the general secretary.In a similar vein, Gorbachev managed to get close advisers elected to the Central Committee. Anatoly Chernyaev and Anatoly Lukyanov, were promoted to full membership, while Valery Boldin was elected to the 27th Central Committee as a candidate member. Several figures within the Central Academy of Social Sciences, most notably Evgeny Velikhov, were appointed to the Central Committee as candidate members. Notably the 27th Congress did not reelect Richard Kosolapov, the longtime editor of the party's theoretical journal Kommunist, and was replaced by Ivan Frolov. Several Brezhnev appointed heads of Central Committee departments failed to be reelected to the Central Committee; Ivan Sakhnyuk, Kirill Simonov and Vasily Shauro. Nikolay Savkin and Vladimir Karlov were the two last remaining Central Committee departments heads appointed by Brezhnev. Of the 23 department heads, fourteen were replaced by the 1st Plenary Session. Four leading officials from the Brezhnev era, who retired from the Politburo and the Secretariat at the 27th Congress, were reelected to the Central Committee; Nikolai Tikhonov, Nikolai Baibakov, Boris Ponomarev and Vasili Kuznetsov.
Tenure
Combating party formalism; 1st–2nd Plenary Sessions
The newly elected leadership was united in supporting reforms, principally behind the slogan uskoreniye, which called for improving the Soviet economy, and to combat formalism, corruption, nepotism and centralism within the party. Beginning in March 1985, the Central Committee began criticizing the norms and organizational habits of the party; criticism increased by the discovery of corruption rings in the communist parties of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Moldavia, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. The policy of appointing officials on the basis of "personal loyalty, servility and protectionism" were blamed on the party's subpar performance in certain areas, and in areas in which this was not the case, the Central Committee focused on the lack of inner-party democracy. To strengthen party democracy, Gorbachev called for an increase in criticism and self-criticism to overcome "'paradeness, ballyhoo... the embellishment of reality". An article in Pravda noted that "In some places people try to 'prepare' the discussion in such a way as to avoid any tricky issues in it. Speeches are usually made only by 'staff' speakers, usually in a predetermined order. Things even go as far as the editing of draft texts of speeches." Meetings became ceremonial, and lacked effective power—which led local authorities to misinform the central authorities on the situation in the given area. All forms of "window-dressing", or hiding abuses of power in general, were to be stopped. In the current situation, Solovyev noted;The main demand which the party makes under modern conditions on the party committee secretary and the staff officer is ensuring that nowhere, under no circumstances, does word part from deed since any discrepancy here causes palpable damage to the authority of our policy and cannot be tolerated in any form.
Boris Griaznov, the First Secretary of the Frunze District Party Committee, was signalled out as an official "'accustomed to stagnation, encouraged ostentation, ignored collective opinion, lost the feeling of party comradeship, and only pretended to be carrying out restructuring", while party leaders in Kazakhstan had difficulty of ridding"themselves of elements of excessive administration and a commander-like style ". The central leadership continued to highlight the party work ethics of first secretaries at every level; at the 2nd Plenary Session Gorbachev condemned certain localities of not committing themselves to the new work-style. In other cases, as noted by Gorbachev, party leaders did not know how to react to criticism or how to introduce changes, noting that "Sometimes words are substituted for deeds, no action is taken in response to criticism, and self-criticism takes the form of self-flagellation." Historian Graeme Gill asserts;
"complaints about the way in which the party was operating which resounded through the press in 1985 and 1986 amounted to a condemnation of the party's organisational culture. During the first eighteen months or so of Gorbachev's tenure as General Secretary, there seems to have been a general underestimation of the strength and sources of this culture and of what was necessary to eradicate it. The heart of the solution the Gorbachev leadership pursued was thoroughly traditional in the Soviet context, personnel.
Collectivity of leadership, and collectivism in general, was hailed as "a reliable guarantee against the adoption of volitional, subjective decisions, manifestations of the cult of personality, and the infringement of Leninist norms of party life." In tandem, the Central Committee began calling for psychological restructuring of party members. However, since the 27th Congress failed to create institutions which oversaw the implementation of these measures, individual members who had no interest in changing their work habits were not punished. The reason for the lack of oversight was Gorbachev's belief that the party was a "healthy organism", and as Graeme Gill concludes, "A healthy organism clearly did not need radical institutional surgery." When it became clear to Gorbachev that the reforms to "invigorate" the party had failed, the reform consensus within the leadership was split asunder. Gorbachev began moving in a more radical directions, while several prominent colleagues in the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee opposed his new measures. The schism in the leadership led to the failure to convene the 3rd Plenary Session in the last half of 1986. Nonetheless, before the 3rd Plenary Session, the Central Committee was able to remove Dinmukhamed Konayev, the CPK First Secretary. The removal of Konayev, who was widely perceived to support an out-dated work ethic and to be corrupt, led to the Jeltoqsan riots when it was discovered that Konayev would be replaced by Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian who had never lived in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
Democratization: 3rd–7th Plenary Sessions
On 23 December 1985, the Politburo appointed Boris Yeltsin, an official from Sverdlovsk, First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee. Gorbachev had endorsed the appointment, heeding the advice of Yegor Ligachev who personally recommended him. In contrast, Nikolai Ryzhkov told Gorbachev in private that "He will cause you only grief. I would not recommend him." Yeltsin, who had introduced himself as something of a centrist at the 27th Congress, proved himself to be a supporter of radical change, going even as far, as on 19 January 1986, of criticising Gorbachev personally for "exaggerat the changes that had occurred" during his leadership.Gorbachev opened the 3rd Plenary Session by criticising the party's performance, claiming the party's failure to reform was due to "conservatism and inertia, lenience and lack of demandingness, toadyism and personal adulation, red tape, formalism, intolerance and suppression of criticism, ambition and careerism, administration by decree, permissiveness, mutual coverups, careerism, departmentalism, parochialism, nationalism, substitutionism, a weakening of the role of party meetings and elective bodies,embezzlement, bribery, report-padding and violation of discipline." The cure for this "disease" was "demokratizatsiya", literally the democratization of society. He called for open, democratic debates in the primary party organizations and to allow a secret ballot during plenary sessions of the district, area, city, region and territory party committees and the central committees of the republican parties to elect the executive organs. This was an attack on the nomenklatura, a system in which leading officials appointed the cadres at the level below, the basis of the Soviet system. The plenary session opposed his suggestions, and while his criticisms were mentioned in the Resolution of the 3rd Plenary Session, the idea of multi-candidate elections within the Party were omitted from the text.
In preparation of the 4th Plenary Session, Gorbachev had prepared a speech on Soviet and Party history. In it he condemned the rule of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism in general, but the speech was amended by Politburo. Conservatives such as Ligachev, Andrei Gromyko, Mikhail Solomentsev and Vitaly Vorotnikov did not share Gorbachev's views, or at least, did not support a public anti-Stalinist proclamation. Despite the conservative reaction, Gorbachev was able to rehabilitate Nikolay Bukharin and Nikita Khrushchev, while referring to Stalin's repressive regime as "immense and unpardonable".
The 4th Plenary Session was supposed to discuss economic reforms, but instead of focusing on the matter at hand Yeltsin, according to Gorbachev, attacked the speed of perestroika, the work of the Secretariat and Ligachev personally. From this point on, the relationship between Gorbachev and Yeltsin would only grow worse—however, by this time, the press mistakenly had begun to present Yeltsin as Gorbachev's closest reformist associate in the Politburo. In the summer of 1987, when Gorbachev was on vacation, Ligachev led the party apparatus. On 10 September he organized an Inquiry Commission of the Central Committee to investigate the performance of the Moscow City Committee under Yeltsin's stewardship—Yeltsin reacted to the inquiry by becoming the first Politburo member in history to willingly resign from his seat. In respsonse Gorbachev told Yeltsin they could discuss the situation after the 70th Anniversary of the October Revolution. At the 5th Plenary Session, which was devoted to the aforementioned anniversary, Yeltsin completely broke by protocol by denouncing Gorbachev and Ligachev personally, and resigned from the Politburo. The central leadership reacted in kind, by criticizing him at the plenary session; Yakovlev contended that he had been "reacting immaturely to 'petty offenses'", while Ryzhkov accused him of being driven by "ambition pure and simple". Soon after his resignation, Yeltsin was hospitalized, either for suffering a heart attack or for "a fake suicide attempt with scissors". At a session of the Moscow City Committee on 11 November 1987, the party leadership dragged Yeltsin out of the hospital and forced him to attend the meeting in which he was relieved of his duties as First Secretary and unceremoniously humiliated. The meeting proved to be a mistake; the Soviet populace began sympathising with Yeltsin—a problem which was compounded "by the mistake" of Gorbachev attending the Moscow City Committee session. In the aftermath, Yeltsin was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Construction, but was told on the day of his appointment by Gorbachev that he could not participate in politics.
At the 6th Plenary Session Ligachev delivered the first speech, the first time that Gorbachev had not done so himself. Ligachev attacked what he perceived as the excesses of glasnost, the influence of rock music in society, "the blackening of Soviet history" and the failure of the leadership to do anything with the growing nationalism in the republics. Gorbachev did not speak until the second day of the plenum, and gave a defensive speech in which he defended his reform efforts but called for the establishment of a "middle ground" in which balanced Soviet historiography and supported using Soviet patriotism to counter the rising nationalism in the republics. The plenary session relieved Yeltsin of his duties as candidate member of the Politburo and member of the Secretariat, and elected Razumovsky and Yuri Maslyukov to Politburo candidate membership. Leading conservative figures, such as General Dmitry Yazov, had begun criticising Gorbachev's democratising policies openly in December 1987, claiming they weakened the honour of the Soviet military, while party first secretaries in the republics called for a tightening of party control in reaction to the growing nationalism amongst the populace.
In between the 6th and the 7th plenary sessions, the Nina Andreyeva Affair took place. Andreyeva, "an hitherto unknown lecturer at a Leningrad chemical institute, wrote an article in Sovetskaya Rossiya titled "I Cannot Forsake My Principles". She condemned Gorbachev's reforms and called for their reversal. She criticized the Gorbachev leadership's habit of opening the previous black spots in Soviet history, which she claimed only helped to denigrate the Soviet past. In addition, the article is notable for its anti-semitism; of all the Jews mentioned, only Karl Marx was not accused of participating in blackening of Soviet history and destroying the Soviet order. The importance of the article does not lay in its author, but rather how it was interpreted by the forces in the Central Committee — both conservatives, centrists and reformers fought Nina Andreyeva was a pseudonym used by a high-standing official. It was consistently referred to posthumously as "an anti-perestroika manifesto". The publication of the article had been chosen carefully by conservative forces within the Central Committee apparatus and Valentin Chikin, the editor-in-chief of Sovetskaya Rossiya, and it was published on 13 March to coincide with Gorbachev's visit to Yugoslavia and Yavkovlev's visit to Mongolia on 14 March. With both of the leading reformers gone, the conservative Ligachev was in charge of the Central Committee apparatus. Ligachev endorsed the article, stating it was "a benchmark for what we need in our ideology today." In the words of historian Archie Brown "Old habits of prudence rapidly reasserted themselves in the face of an apparent signal of change in the balance of forces at the top of the party hierarchy and of a return to a time when dissenting intellectuals would no longer be treated with tolerance." Upon his return on 18 March, Gorbachev discussed it with the Politburo. To his surprise several of his colleagues supported the content of the article, among them Vorotnikov, Gromyko, Ligachev, Solomentsev and Viktor Nikonov. The article was discussed in the 24–26 March Politburo meeting, in which the aforementioned conservatives alongside Viktor Chebrikov, the Chairman of the KGB, and Anatoly Lukyanov, a close associate of Gorbachev and the Head of the General Department, supported the article. Chebrikov condemned the criticisms of the Soviet system which had appeared with Gorbachev's reforms, and lamented the scheming "of our ideological adversary". Despite forming a majority, the conservatives did not opt for removing Gorbachev, largely because the institution of General Secretary still meant something in Soviet politics. Gorbachev insisted that every Politburo member had to openly state their position on the matter; Yakovlev, Ryzhkov, Medvedev and Eduard Shevardnadze condemned the article. In light of the pro-reformist stance of this mentioned, and Gorbachev himself, they managed to push the conservatives on the defensive, and got their approval to publish a formal reply to the article.
In light of this event, Gorbachev would seek to consolidate his power within the apparatus even further, especially in the Secretariat. In his first years as General Secretary, Gorbachev had never chaired a meeting of the Secretariat, leaving that responsibility to the conservative. But in light of the strong backing the Andreyeva article had in the Central Committee apparatus, Gorbachev chaired the first Secretariat meetings in the affair's aftermath.
Plenums
- 1st Plenary Session
- 2nd Plenary Session
- 3rd Plenary Session
- 4th Plenary Session
- 5th Plenary Session
- 6th Plenary Session
- 7th Plenary Session
- 8th Plenary Session
- 9th Plenary Session
- 10th Plenary Session
- 11th Plenary Session
- 12th Plenary Session
- 13th Plenary Session
- 14th Plenary Session
- 15th Plenary Session
- 16th Plenary Session
- 17th Plenary Session
- 18th Plenary Session
- 19th Plenary Session
- 20th Plenary Session
- 21st Plenary Session
Apparatus
- Administrator of Affairs: Nikolay Kruchina
- Administrative Organs Department: Nikolay Savinkin, Anatoly Lukyanov
- Agriculture and Food Industry Department: Vladimir Karlov
- Cadres Abroad Department: Stepan Chervonenko
- Chemical Industry Department: Veniamin Afonin
- Construction Department: Alexander Melnikov
- Culture Department: Yury Voronov
- Defense Industry Department: Oleg Belyakov
- Economic Department: vacant, Nikolay Slyunkov
- General Department: Anatoly Lukyanov, Valery Boldin
- Heavy Industry and Energy Department: Ivan Yastrebov
- International Department: Anatoly Dobrynin
- International Information Department: Leonid Zamyatin
- Light Industry and Consumer Goods Department: Leonid Bobykin
- Machine-Building Department: Arkady Volsky
- Organizational-Party Work Department: Georgy Razumovsky
- Propaganda Department: Yuri Sklyarov
- Relations with Communist and Workers Parties Department: Vadim Medvedev
- Science and Education Department: Valentin Grigoriev
- Trade and Domestic Services Department: Nikolay Stashenkov
- Transport and Communications Department: Viktor Pasternak
- Administrator of Affairs: Nikolay Kruchina
- Agricultural Department: Ivan Skiba
- Defense Department: Oleg Belyakov
- General Department: Valery Boldin
- Ideology Department: Alexander Kapto
- International Department: Valentin Falin
- Party Building and Cadre Work Department: Georgy Razumovsky
- Socio-Economic Department: Vladislav Shimko
- State and Legal Department: Anatoly Pavlov
- Party Building and Cadre Work: Georgy Razumovsky
- Ideology Commission: Vadim Medvedev
- Socio-Economic Policy Commission: Nikolay Slyunkov
- Agrarian Policy Commission: Yegor Ligachev
- International Policy Commission: Alexander Yakovlev
- State and Legal Policy Commission: Viktor Chebrikov, vacant
- Editor-in-chief of Country Life: Aleksandr Baranov, Anatoly Yurkov
- Editor-in-chief of Soviet Culture: Albert Belyayev
- Editor-in-chief of Economics and Life: Boris Vladimirov
- Editor-in-chiefs of Communist: Ivan Frolov, Nail Bikkenin
- Editor-in-chief of October: ?
- Editor-in-chief of Party Life: Mikhail Chaldeans
- Editor-in-chiefs of Pravda: Viktor Afanasyev, Ivan Frolov
- Editor-in-chief of Socialist Industry: Aleksandr Baranov, Anatoly Yurkov
- Editor-in-chief of Soviet Russia: Valentin Chikin
- Institute of Marxism–Leninism: Anatoly Yegorov , Georgy Smirnov
- Rector of the Academy of Social Sciences: Rudolph Yanovskiy
Membership
Members
Listed in alphabetical order- Sergey Alexandrovich Afanasyev #
- Viktor Grigoryevich Afanasyev
- Sergey Fyodorovich Akhromeyev
- Alexander Nikiforovich Aksyonov
- Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov #
- Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev #
- Alexander Terentyevich Altunin #
- Vladimir Petrovich Anishchev
- Alexey Konstantinovich Antonov #
- Georgy Arkadyevich Arbatov
- Boris Ivanovich Aristov
- Ivan Vasilyevich Arkhipov #
- Vladimir Mikhaylovich Arkhipov
- Yerkin Nurzhanovich Auelbekov
- Kamran Baghirov #
- Nikolay Konstantinovich Baibakov #
- Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin
- Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Bakhirev #
- Boris Vladimirovich Bakin
- Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov
- Anatoly Nikiforovich Balandin
- Yury Nikolayevich Balandin
- Boris Vladimirovich Balmont #
- Gennady Georgiyevich Bartoshevich
- Sergey Vasilyevich Bashilov #
- Gennady Sergeyevich Bashtanyuk
- Yury Petrovich Batalin
- Vladimir Nikolayevich Bazovsky
- Igor Sergeyevich Belousov
- Oleg Sergeyevich Belyakov
- Anatoly Ivanovich Beryozin
- Alexandra Pavlovna Biryukova
- Filipp Denisovich Bobkov
- Gennady Pavlovich Bogomyakov
- Ivan Sergeyevich Boldyryov
- Vasily Mikhaylovich Borisenkov
- Leonid Alexandrovich Borodin #
- Viktor Grigoryevich Boyko
- Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov
- Boris Pavlovich Bugayev
- Alexander Borisovich Chakovsky
- Yevgeny Ivanovich Chazov
- Viktor Mikhaylovich Chebrikov
- Vasily Mikhaylovich Cherdintsev
- Valentina Nikolayevna Cherkashina
- Vladimir Nikolayevich Chernavin
- Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin
- Anatoly Sergeyevich Chernyayev
- Stepan Vasilyevich Chervonenko
- Vladimir Stepanovich Chicherov
- Vladimir Grigoryevich Chirskov
- Alexey Klementyevich Chyorny
- Pyotr Nilovich Demichev #
- Vasily Petrovich Demidenko #
- Karen Demirchyan #
- Vasily Alexandrovich Dinkov
- Viktov Fyodorovich Dobrik #
- Anatoly Fyodorovich Dobrynin
- Vladimir Ivanovich Dolgikh #
- Pavel Stefanovich Fedirko
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Fedoseyev
- Alexander Pavlovich Filatov
- Pavel Vasilyevich Finogenov
- Vladimir Konstantinovich Foteyev
- Ivan Timofeyevich Frolov
- Dmitry Nikolayevich Gagarov
- Anatoly Nikolayevich Gerasimov
- Ivan Alexandrovich Gerasimov #
- Valentin Petrovich Glushko
- Mariya Arkhipovna Golubeva
- Valentina Nikolayevna Golubeva
- Boris Trofimovich Goncharenko
- Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
- Leonid Alexandrovich Gorshkov
- Sergey Georgiyevich Gorshkov
- Boris Ivanovich Gostev
- Vladimir Leonidovich Govorov
- Leonid Ivanovich Grekov
- Anatoly Ivanovich Gribkov #
- Petras Griškevičius
- Pyotr Semyonovich Grishchenko
- Mariya Sergeyevna Gromova #
- Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko #
- Semion Grossu
- Alexander Fyodorovich Gudkov #
- Vladimir Kuzmich Gusev
- Ivan Stepanovich Gustov
- Timofey Borisovich Guzhenko #
- Vadim Nikolayevich Ignatov
- Yevgeny Filippovich Ivanovsky #
- Yevgeny Viktorovich Kachalovsky
- Dmitry Ivanovich Kachin
- Boris Vasilyevich Kachura
- Vladimir Ilyich Kalashnikov
- Vladimir Mikhaylovich Kamentsev
- Alexander Semyonovich Kapto
- Vladimir Alexeyevich Karlov
- Yevdokiya Fyodorovna Karpova #
- Konstantin Fyodorovich Katushev
- Vasily Mikhaylovich Kavun
- Leonid Davydovich Kazakov
- Vladimir Yakovlevich Khodyryov
- Alexander Alexandrovich Khomyakov
- Yury Nikolayevich Khristoradnov
- Mikhail Ivanovich Klepikov
- Ivan Yefimovich Klimenko #
- Vladimir Grigoryevich Klyuyev #
- Mikhail Alexandrovich Knyazyuk
- Vyacheslav Ivanovich Kochemasov
- Gennady Vasilyevich Kolbin
- Alexander Ivanovich Koldunov
- Alexander Yakovlevich Kolesnikov
- Vladislav Grigoryevich Kolesnikov
- Serafim Vasilyevich Kolpakov
- Nikolay Semyonovich Konaryov
- Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Konayev
- Boris Vsevolodovich Konoplyov #
- Georgy Markovich Korniyenko #
- Anatoly Maximovich Korolyov
- Vitaly Semyonovich Kostin
- Mikhail Vasilyevich Kovalyov
- Nikolay Yefimovich Kruchina
- Zinaida Mikhaylovna Kruglova #
- Vladimir Alexandrovich Kryuchkov
- Fyodor Mikhaylovich Kulikov
- Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov #
- Valentin Alexandrovich Kuptsov
- Semyon Konstantinovich Kurkotkin #
- Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov #
- Nikolay Vasilyevich Lemayev
- Yegor Kuzmich Ligachev
- Yury Ivanovich Litvintsev
- Alexey Dmitriyevich Lizichev
- Anatoly Alexeyevich Logunov
- Viktor Pavlovich Lomakin
- Pyotr Fadeevich Lomako #
- Vladimir Grigoryevich Lomonosov
- Fyodor Ivanovich Loshchenkov
- Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov
- Anatoly Pavlovich Lushchikov
- Pyotr Georgiyevich Lushev
- Ivan Kondratyevich Lutak #
- Alexander Pavlovich Lyashko #
- Viktor Sergeyevich Makarenko #
- Qahhor Makhkamovich Makhkamov
- Yury Pavlovich Maksimov
- Nikolay Ivanovich Malkov
- Anatoly Alexandrovich Malofeyev
- Viktor Fyodorovich Maltsev #
- Vasily Mikhaylovich Malykhin
- Yury Alexeyevich Manayenkov
- Sergey Iosifovich Manyakin
- Gury Ivanovich Marchuk
- Georgy Mokeyevich Markov
- Absamat Masaliyevich Masaliyev
- Nikolay Ivanovich Maslennikov
- Yuri Dmitriyevich Maslyukov
- Anatoly Ivanovich Mayorets
- Vadim Andreyevich Medvedev
- Alexander Grigoryevich Melnikov
- Marat Samiyevich Mendybayev
- Valentin Karpovich Mesyats
- Vasily Petrovich Mironov
- Oleg Semyonovich Miroshikhin
- Viktor Maximovich Mishin
- Fyodor Trofimovich Morgun
- Ivan Pavlovich Morozov
- Dmitry Konstantinovich Motorny
- Ivan Alexeyevich Mozgovoy #
- Vsevolod Serafimovich Murakhovsky
- Yevgeny Fyodorovich Muravyov #
- Alexey Pavlovich Myasnikov
- Vladislav Petrovich Mysnichenko
- Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev
- Viktor Petrovich Nikonov
- Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov
- Anatoly Petrovich Nochyovkin #
- Genrikh Vasilyevich Novozhilov
- Vladimir Yevgenyevich Odintsov #
- Nikolay Vasilyevich Ogarkov #
- Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov
- Konstantin Nikolayevich Panov
- Yemelyan Nikolayevich Parubok
- Jumber Ilyich Patiashvili
- Boris Yevgenyevich Paton
- Vladimir Yakovlevich Pavlov
- Nina Vasilyevna Pereverzeva
- Erlen Kirikovich Pervyshin
- Vasily Ivanovich Petrov #
- Vladislav Alexeyevich Petrov
- Yury Vladimirovich Petrov
- Alexander Nikolayevich Plekhanov
- Pyotr Stepanovich Pleshakov
- Valentina Nikolayevna Pletnyova
- Ivan Kuzmich Polozkov
- Viktor Nikolayevich Polyakov #
- Alexey Filippovich Ponomaryov
- Boris Nikolayevich Ponomaryov #
- Mikhail Alexandrovich Ponomaryov #
- Nikolay Sergeyevich Popov
- Filipp Vasilyevich Popov
- Ilya Pavlovich Prokopyev #
- Yury Nikolayevich Prokopyev
- Vladimir Nikolayevich Ptitsyn #
- Nikolay Andreyevich Pugin
- Boris Pugo
- Oleg Borisovich Rakhmanin #
- Yevgeny Zotovich Razumov
- Georgy Petrovich Razumovsky
- Alexander Mikhaylovich Rekunkov #
- Anatoly Antonovich Reut
- Grigory Ivanovich Revenko
- Yakov Petrovich Ryabov
- Anatoly Yakovlevich Rybakov
- Vasily Nazarovich Rykov #
- Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov
- Kakimbek Salykov
- Nikolay Ivanovich Savinkin #
- Valery Timofeyevich Saykin
- Anatoly Pavlovich Sazonov
- Vitaly Mikhaylovich Shabanov
- Midkhat Zakirovich Shakirov
- Stepan Alexeyevich Shalayev
- Vaily Alexandrovich Shamshin
- Leonid Vasilyevich Sharin
- Mikhail Ivanovich Shchadov
- Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina
- Vladimir Vasilyevich Shcherbitsky
- Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze
- Valentina Semyonovna Shevchenko
- Mikhail Sergeyevich Shkabardnya
- Alexey Mikhaylovich Shkolnikov
- Yevgeny Alexandrovich Shulyak
- Ivan Stepanovich Silayev
- Vasily Ivanovich Sitnikov
- Yevgeny Ivanovich Sizenko
- Yefim Pavlovich Slavsky
- Nikolay Nikitovich Slyunkov
- Mikhail Sergeyevich Smirtyukov
- Pavel Alexandrovich Smolsky
- Valentin Inanovich Smyslov
- Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov #
- Yefrem Yevseyevich Sokolov
- Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev #
- Yury Filippovich Solovyov
- Vladimir Sevastyanovich Stepanov
- Yegor Semyonovich Stroyev
- Bois Ivanovich Stukalin
- Apollon Sergeyevich Systsov
- Fikryat Akhmedzhanovich Tabeyev
- Nikolay Vasilyevich Talyzin
- Vasily Nikolayevich Taratuta
- Georgy Stanislavovich Tarazevich
- Nikolay Fyodorovich Tatarchuk
- Pyotr Maximovich Telepnyov
- Vladimir Ivanovich Terebilov #
- Nikolay Dmitriyevich Tereshchenko
- Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova
- Vladimir Porfiryevich Tikhomirov
- Nikolay Alexandrovich Tikhonov #
- Alexey Antonovich Titarenko #
- Lev Nikolayevich Tolkunov
- Vladimir Fyodorovich Tolubko
- Ivan Moiseyevich Tretyak
- Pyotr Ivanovich Tretyakov #
- Yury Nikolayevich Trofimov
- Mikhail Petrovich Trunov #
- Yevgeny Mikhaylovich Tyazhelnikov
- Raisa Silantyevna Udalaya
- Gumer Ismagilovich Usmanov
- Inomjon Buzrukovich Usmonxo‘jayev
- Vladimir Fyodorovich Utkin
- Karl Vaino
- Grigory Ivanovich Vashchenko
- Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev
- Gennady Fyodorovich Vedernikov
- Vladimir Makarovich Velichko
- Alexander Vladimirovich Vlasov
- Boris Mikhaylovich Volodin
- Arkady Ivanovich Volsky
- Lev Alexeyevich Voronin
- Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov
- Mikhail Gavrilovich Voropayev
- Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov
- Augusts Voss
- Anatoly Fomich Voystroychenko
- Gennady Alexeyevich Yagodin
- Alexander Nikolayevich Yakovlev
- Alexander Nikolayevich Yefimov
- Anatoly Grigoryevich Yegorov #
- Yury Nikiforovich Yelchenko
- Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin
- Nikolay Pavlovich Yemokhonov
- Nikolay Spiridonovich Yermakov
- Lev Borisovich Yermin #
- Nelli Mikhaylovna Yershova
- Alexander Alexandrovich Yezhevsky #
- Magomed Yusupovich Yusupov
- Vadim Valentinovich Zagladin
- Vasily Georgiyevich Zakharov
- Leonid Mitrofanovich Zamyatin
- Vladimir Andreyevich Zatvornitsky
- Lev Nikolayevich Zaykov
- Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev #
- Mikhail Vasilyevich Zimyanin #
- Grigory Sergeyevich Zolotukhin
- Viktor Ilyich Zorkaltsev
Candidates
- Veniamin Georgiyevich Afonin
- Geny Yevgenyevich Ageyev
- Timur Agzamovich Alimov
- Georgy Vasilyevich Alyoshin
- Nikolay Afanasyevich Antonov
- Makhmut Maripovich Aripdzhanov
- Alexander Alexandrovich Babenko
- Anatoly Geogriyevich Basistov
- Boris Terentyevich Batsanov
- Valery Alexandrovich Belikov
- Anatoly Mikhaylovich Belyakov
- Leonid Alexeyevich Bibin
- Ratmir Stepanovich Bobovikov
- Leonid Fyodorovich Bobykin
- Valery Ivanovich Boldin
- Zoya Ivanovna Borovikova
- Yevgeny Alexeyevich Brakov
- Vladimir Arkadyevich Brezhnev
- Karen Nersesovich Brutents
- Lidiya Dmitriyevna Bryzga
- Alexander Dmitriyevich Budyka
- Sergey Petrovich Burenkov
- Mikhail Ivanovich Busygin
- Ivan Petrovich Călin
- Boris Nikolayevich Chaplin
- Yevgeny Mikhaylovich Chekharin
- Ivan Mikhaylovich Cherepanov
- Valentin Vasilyevich Chikin
- Nikolay Grigoryevich Davydov
- Viktor Vladimirovich Dementsev
- Ivan Nikolayevich Dmitriyev
- Valentin Ivanovich Dmitriyev
- Nikolay Kirillovich Dybenko
- Ismail Dzhabbarov
- Valentin Mikhaylovich Falin
- Konstantin Yefimovich Fomichenko
- Konstantin Vasilyevich Frolov
- Natalya Vladimirovna Gellert
- Andrey Nikolayevich Girenko
- Ivan Ivanovich Gladky
- Nikolay Timofeyevich Glushkov
- Marat Vladimirovich Gramov
- Nikolay Matveyevich Gribachyov
- Vladimir Viktorovich Grigoryev
- Ivan Grigoryevich Grintsov
- Alexander Terentyevich Honchar
- Leonid Fyodorovich Ilyichyov
- Tatyana Georgiyevna Ivanova
- Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko
- Alexander Ivanovich Iyevlev
- Gayrat Kamidullayevich Kadyrov
- Zakash Kamalidenovich Kamalidenov
- Alexey Stepanovich Kamay
- Ivan Matveyevich Kapitanets
- Yury Sergeyevich Karabasov
- Vladimir Vasilyevich Karpov
- Valentina Alexandrovna Kasimova
- Vasily Ivanovich Kazakov
- Izatullo Khayoyev
- Leonid Ivanovich Khitrun
- Tikhon Nikolayevich Khrennikov
- Tukhtakhon Bazarovna Kirgizbayeva
- Gennady Nikolayevich Kiselyov
- Stepan Vasilyevich Kleyko
- Leonid Gerasimovich Klyotskov
- Yury Petrovich Kochetkov
- Alexey Yefimovich Kolbeshkin
- Georgy Dmitriyevich Kolmogorov
- Yury Afanasyevich Kolomiyets
- Nikolay Dmitriyevich Komarov
- Vasily Nikolayevich Konovalov
- Anatoly Ustinovich Konstantinov
- Valentin Afanasyevich Koptyug
- Alexander Gavrilovich Korkin
- Mikhail Gavrilovich Korolyov
- Temirbek Kudaybergenovich Koshoyev
- Yevgeny Alexandrovich Kozlovsky
- Boris Vasilyevich Kravtsov
- Vasily Dmitriyevich Kryuchkov
- Orazbek Sultanovich Kuanyshev
- Lev Alexandrovich Kulidzhanov
- Yuly Alexandrovich Kvitsinsky
- Ivan Dmitriyevich Laptev
- Vladimir Vladimirovich Listov
- Yury Ivanovich Lobov
- Vadim Petrovich Loginov
- Pyotr Kirillovich Luchinsky
- Vladimir Matveyevich Lukyanenko
- Nikolay Mitrofanovich Lunkov
- Salidzhan Mamarasulov
- Vitaly Andreyevich Masol
- Mikhail Ivanovich Matafonov
- Tengiz Nikolayevich Menteshashvili
- Galina Vladimirovna Merkulova
- Guram Archilovich Metonidze
- Alexander Grigoryevich Meshkov
- Viktor Ivanovich Mironenko
- Pavel Petrovich Mozhayev
- Salamat Mukashev
- Rysbek Myrzashev
- Mikhail Fyodorovich Nenashev
- Vladilen Valentinovich Nikitin
- Valentin Mikhaylovich Nikiforov
- Boris Vasilyevich Nikolsky
- Ivan Filippovich Obraztsov
- Vladimir Vasilyevich Osipov
- Yury Anatolyevich Ovchinnikov
- Valentina Romanovna Parshina
- Pyotr Andreyevich Paskar
- Nikolay Antonovich Pavlov
- Ivan Alexeyevich Pentyukhov
- Alexey Georgiyevich Petrishchev
- Yevgeny Mikhaylovich Podolsky
- Yakov Petrovich Pogrebnyak
- Mikhail Danilovich Popkov
- Nikolay Ivanovich Popov
- Grigory Andreyevich Posibeyev
- Yevgeny Maximovich Primakov
- Albert Ivanovich Rachkov
- Leonid Vladimirovich Radyukevich
- Vladimir Ivanovich Reshetilov
- Viktor Smyonovich Rodin
- Dmitry Vasilyevich Romanin
- Ivan Kharitonovich Romazan
- Yury Yanovich Ruben
- Alexey Mironovich Rybakov
- Mikhail Borisovich Ryzhikov
- Vytautas Vladovich Sakalauskas
- Akil Umurzakovich Salimov
- Fadey Tachatovich Sargsyan
- Bruno Eduardovich Saul
- Gasan Neymat ogly Seidov
- Lev Borisovich Shapiro
- Arkady Nikolayevich Shchepetilnikov
- Sergey Georgiyevich Shcherbakov
- Grigory Chooduyevich Shirshin
- Alexander Ivanovich Shitov
- Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shubnikov
- Vladimir Mikhaylovich Shuralyov
- Vladimir Vasilyevich Sidorov
- Ivan Ivanovich Skiba
- Yury Alexandrovich Sklyarov
- Pyotr Yakovlevich Slyozko
- Georgy Lukich Smirnov
- Viktor Ilyich Smirnov
- Boris Vasilyevich Snetkov
- Vitaly Alxeyevich Sologub
- Alexey Ivanovich Sorokin
- Lev Nikolayevich Spiridonov
- Nikolay Alexeyevich Stashenkov
- Vladimir Ivanovich Toropov
- Oleg Alexandrovich Troyanovsky
- Gennady Ivanovich Ulanov
- Yury Nikolayevich Valov
- Valentin Ivanovich Varennikov
- Yevgeny Andreyevich Varnachyov
- Lev Borisovich Vasilyev
- Igor Ivanovich Velichko
- Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov
- Ivan Maximovich Vladychenko
- Gennady Petrovich Voronovsky
- Ivan Pavlovich Yastrebov
- Bally Yazkuliyev
- Dmitry Timofeyevich Yazov
- Anatoly Stepanovich Yefimov
- Georgy Mikhaylovich Yegorov
- Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yeliseyev
- Filipp Timofeyevich Yermash
- Vladimir Andreyevich Zakharov
- Yury Alexandroich Zhukov
Citations