Capital punishment in Lithuania


Capital punishment in Lithuania was ruled unconstitutional and abolished for all crimes in December 1998. Lithuania is a member of the European Union and the Council of Europe and has signed and ratified Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights on complete abolition of death penalty. From March 1990 to December 1998, Lithuania executed seven men. The last execution in the country occurred in July 1995, when Lithuanian mafia boss Boris Dekanidze was put to death.

Capital punishment in 1990–1998

Legal developments and abolition

In the Lithuanian SSR, the criminal code provided for death penalty in 16 articles. After the declaration of independence in March 1990, a new criminal code was adopted in December 1991. The death penalty was provided only in Article 105 for premeditated murder in aggravating circumstances. Lithuania became a signatory of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in February 1992. The covenant, among other things, provided that each person had the right to petition for clemency. In July 1994, amendments to the criminal code specified that women or people younger than 18 at the time of the crime could not receive death sentences. The execution of death penalty was suspended on July 25, 1996 by a decree of President Algirdas Brazauskas. The president refused to review clemency petitions without which no death penalty could be carried out.
Abolition of death penalty was one of the requirements for Lithuania's membership in the European Union, however a poll of public opinion revealed that 70–80% of Lithuanians supported death penalty. Thus, members of Seimas were reluctant to vote for the abolition. Instead, Seimas brought a case to the Constitutional Court of Lithuania to determine whether death penalty was constitutional. On December 9, 1998, the Constitutional Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional as it was contrary to Articles 18, 19, and 21.3 of the Constitution of Lithuania. On December 22, the criminal code was amended to strike out death penalty effective December 31, 1998. Sentences for nine people on death row were commuted to life imprisonment.

List of executions

Between 1990 and 1995, some 30 people received death sentences. From March 1990 to December 1998, Lithuania executed seven men by shooting with a single firearm:
  1. August 8, 1992 – Aleksandras Novatkis for murder of a 12-year old witness to his theft
  2. December 12, 1993 – Vladimiras Ivanovas for murder of a mother and her 4-year old daughter
  3. December 12, 1993 – Valentinas Laskys for murder of four people
  4. January 27, 1994 – Vidmantas Žibaitis for murder of three elderly people
  5. September 28, 1994 – Antanas Varnelis for six murders and three attempted murders in July–December 1992
  6. May 18, 1995 – Aleksandras Gudkovas for murder of two people
  7. July 12, 1995 – Boris Dekanidze for ordering murder of journalist Vitas Lingys

    Capital punishment in 1918–1940

Legal basis and execution methods

When Lithuania declared independence in February 1918, it inherited the 1903 criminal code of the Russian Empire. The code provided for the death penalty only for crimes against the state, but military law of war provided for death penalty by shooting or hanging for some 30 different crimes including banditry, robbery, rape, and premeditated murder. When Lithuania updated its statutes in January and February 1919, the duality remained: the death penalty was abolished in the criminal code but was retained in the military law. Article 14 of the military law provided for death penalty for eight crimes, mostly directed against the state, the military, or the officials, but also included armed robbery with murder. The provisional constitution of 1920 even spoke about the abolition of the death penalty. However, Lithuania with brief interruptions remained under the martial law until November 1938 when it was lifted due to German pressure in the months before the ultimatum of March 1939.
Historian Sigita Černevičiūtė counted at least 146 executions in interwar Lithuania, though records are incomplete and fragmentary. Due to the martial law, the executions were carried out by the military by shooting though legal acts provided hanging. In 1937–1940, Lithuania operated a gas chamber in Aleksotas within the First Fort of the Kaunas Fortress. In January 1937, the criminal code was amended to provide execution by gas which at the time was viewed as more civilized and humane. Lithuania considered and rejected execution by poison. The first execution was carried on July 27, 1937: Bronius Pogužinskas, age 37, convicted of murder of five members of a Jewish family. Černevičiūtė counted at least nine executions in the gas chamber. Of the nine, eight were convicted of murder. One, Aleksandras Maurušaitis, was in addition convicted of anti-government actions during the 1935 Suvalkija farmers' strike. The last known execution took place on May 19, 1940 for robbery. The fate of the gas chamber after the occupation by the Soviet Union in June 1940 is unclear.

Noted political executions

During the chaotic years of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, not all executions were properly carried out. For example, in 1919, communist activists and his wife were executed without a trial and Jurgis Smolskis was executed even though he received only a six-year prison sentence.
In February 1920, four men were executed for instigating a mutiny among soldiers stationed in Kaunas. Between the coup in December 1926 and Soviet occupation in June 1940, Lithuania was ruled by authoritarian President Antanas Smetona and there were several political executions. Four communists were executed in the immediate aftermath of the December 1926 coup while sentences of two others were commuted to life imprisonment. Eight people were executed for their participation in the anti-Smetona revolt in Tauragė in September 1927 while 14 other were pardoned. General was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and executed in June 1927. Aleksandras Vosylius was executed in May 1929 for an assassination attempt on Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras. 18 people received death sentences for their participation in the 1935 Suvalkija farmers' strike, but majority received presidential pardons and only five were executed. In other instances the presidential pardon was used more generously. For example, three men, including General Petras Kubiliūnas, received pardons for their role in the 1934 anti-Smetona coup and five men received pardons for their conviction of murder during the Neumann–Sass case.