Cagayan de Oro


', officially the ', or simply referred to as CDO, is a highly urbanized city in Northern Mindanao,. It is the capital of the province of Misamis Oriental where it is geographically situated but governed administratively independent from it. According to the, it has a population of people.
It also serves as the regional center and business hub of Northern Mindanao, and part of the growing Metropolitan Cagayan de Oro area, which includes the city of El Salvador, the towns of Opol, Alubijid, Laguindingan, Gitagum at the western side, and the towns of Tagoloan, Villanueva, Jasaan, Claveria at the eastern side.
The City of Cagayan de Oro is located along the north central coast of Mindanao island facing Macajalar Bay and is bordered by the municipalities of Opol to the west, Tagoloan to the east, and the provinces of Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte to the south of the city. According to the, the city has a population of, making it the 10th most populous city in the Philippines.
Cagayan de Oro is also famous for its white water rafting or kayaking adventures, one of the tourism activities being promoted along the Cagayan de Oro River.

Etymology

The name Cagayan de Oro can be traced back to the arrival of the Spanish Augustinian Recollect friars in 1622, the area around Himologan, was already known as "Cagayán". Early Spanish written documents in the 16th century already referred to the place as "Cagayán".
The region of Northern Mindanao, which included Cagayan de Oro, was granted as encomienda to a certain Don Juan Griego on January 25, 1571. It was then former Vice President of the Philippines Emmanuel Peláez who appended de Oro to Cagayan.
There are also other places in the Philippines with the Cagayan name; these include the province of Cagayan in northern Luzon, the Cagayan Islands in the northern Sulu Sea, and the island of Mapun in Tawi-Tawi.

History

Classical period

The Cagayan de Oro area was continuously inhabited by Late Neolithic to Iron Age Austronesian cultures. The oldest human remains discovered was from the Huluga Caves, once used as a burial place by the natives. A skullcap sent to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1977 was dated to be from between 350-377 AD. The caves have yielded numerous artifacts, but most areas have been badly damaged by guano collectors and amateur treasure hunters. Associated with the cave is the Huluga Open Site, believed to be the site of the primary pre-colonial settlement in the region identified as "Himologan" by the first Spanish missionaries. The site is located about eight kilometers from present-day Cagayan de Oro. The discovery of a grave site in 2009 uncovered remains of Song Dynasty celadon ware and Sukhothai period Sangkhalok ceramic ware, in addition to body ornaments and stone tools. It indicates that the region was part of the ancient maritime trading network of Southeast Asia. Skulls recovered from the sites show that native Kagay-anons practiced artificial cranial deformation since childhood as a mark of social status, similar to skulls from archeological sites in neighboring Butuan.
The Huluga Open Site was damaged extensively in 2001 to give way to a bridge project by the local administration. It was the source of controversy when a team from the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program dismissed the archeological importance of the site by declaring it as a "camp-like area" and not a settlement and thus not worthy of heritage protection under the laws. It was alleged by local conservationists that the UP-ASP team were influenced by the local government so the bridge project could continue. The site is still not protected and continue to be quarried, despite protests by local historians and archeologists.

Colonial period

Spanish period

The Himologan settlement was still occupied by the time the Europeans made contact. In 1622, two Spanish Augustinian Recollect missionaries reached the settlement and described it as being inhabited by a mixed stock descended from highlander Bukidnon Lumad and sea-faring Visayans. They described the men of the settlement as being tattooed like other Visayans and the women as being ornamented with intricate jewelry, some of which were golden. They also identified them as animists, practicing traditional anitism, though they paid tribute to Muhammad Kudarat, the sultan of the Islamized Sultanate of Maguindanao to the south.
In 1626, Fray Agustín de San Pedro persuaded the chief of Himologan, Datu Salangsang, to transfer his settlement down the Cagayan River, to the present-day Gaston Park. De San Pedro later fortified the new settlement against Sultan Kudarat's raiders.
In 1738, Spanish dominance was felt in Cagayan de Oro. When Misamis gained the status of province in 1818, one of its four districts was the Partidos de Cagayan. In 1871, the "Partidos" became a town and was made a permanent capital of Misamis.
On February 27, 1872, Governor-General Carlos María de La Torre issued a decree declaring Cagayan the permanent capital of Segundo Distrito de Misamis. During this era, the name of the town was known as Cagayan de Misamis.
In 1883, the town became a seat of the Spanish government in Mindanao for the provinces of Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte.
On January 10, 1899, Cagayan de Misamis joined the government of Emilio Aguinaldo and celebrated its independence from Spain. It was the second time the Aguinaldo government was declared and the new Philippine flag raised on the Mindanao island. By virtue of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States; this caused friction and resulted in the Philippine-American War.

American period

On March 31, 1900, Americans occupied the town of Cagayan de Misamis and on April 7, 1900, a battle erupted in the town center led by General Nicolas Capistrano and Filipino resistance fighters. This would later become known as the Battle of Cagayan de Misamis. The Americans won the war, and about forty years later, gave the Philippines its independence on July 4, 1946. The war years in Cagayan de Oro were prompted by the presence of the Americans in 1898. The Americans were initially and successfully repulsed by the Kagay-anons forces led by Mayor Don Apolinar Vélez at the historic Battle of Makahambus on June 4, 1900.
After the troubled years, peace finally brought back the economic activities to normality under the guidance of the United States. Consequently, from a purely farming-fishing area, Cagayan de Oro emerged into a booming commerce and trade center.

Japanese period and second American period

May 3, 1942, American and Philippine forces fought heroically against invading Japanese forces from Panay. Unable to resist the overwhelming and the better supplied Japanese, the allied forces retreated to more defensive positions outside the city. The Japanese burned most of the city and took up residence at Ateneo De Cagayan university, now Xavier university and used the ferry crossing near San Agustin Church. The Carmen bridge did not exist at that time.
The Japanese army implemented a scorch-earth policy. Filipino and American guerrilla forces fought back during this occupation and American planes bombed both the university and San Agustin church on October 10, 1944. The Japanese were never able to successfully move outside the city for any length of time due to the constant pressure and attacks from the Philippine resistant movement. Combined American and Free Philippine forces landed in Cagayan de Oro on May 10, 1945, three years and 7 days after the Japanese occupation.
During this period the Japanese committed many atrocities against the local population of Cagayan de Oro, as they did throughout the Philippines. Colonel Fumio Suski and two hundred of his men escaped capture during the liberation of the city and withdrew into the mountainous jungle. They were caught two years later; only 38 survived by cannibalizing the Higaonon tribal people. At least 70 people were eaten.
A Cagayanon, the physician Antonio Julian Montalvan, was a member of an espionage team working for the return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines. Later, he became part of a Manila spy network. He was captured, tortured and decapitated by the Japanese.

Independence period

In 1948, the barrios of El Salvador and Molugan with their sitios known as Sala, Sambulawan, Sinaloc, Lagtang, Talaba, Kalabaylabay and Hinigdaan were separated from Cagayan de Oro to form the town of El Salvador.
In 1950, the barrios of Opol, Igpit, and lower Iponan were separated from Cagayan de Oro to form the town of Opol.
On June 15, 1950, President Elpidio Quirino signed Republic Act No. 521, which granted the status of a chartered city to the Municipality of Cagayan de Misamis. This was made possible through the efforts of then Cagayan de Oro Congressman Emmanuel Pelaez.
During the martial law era, Cagayan de Oro was not spared from military bombings and the usage of brutal mechanisms against dissenters of the Marcos regime. When martial law ended, more than a thousand people from the city were tortured, raped, electrocuted, or salvaged. Cagayan de Oro was then declared a highly urbanized city by the Ministry of Local Government on November 22, 1983. In 1986, the city participate in the People Power Revolution through rallies in the streets of the city. When the revolution succeeded and ousted Marcos from power in Manila, the city was among those who supported the installation of Corazon Aquino as president.
In 1992, the National Museum of the Philippines recognized the archaeological value of Huluga when it gave the Open Site and caves separate accession numbers. In 1999, however, mayor Vicente Y. Emano conceived the plan to bulldoze Huluga to give way to a road-and-bridge project. The project was stopped in 2001, but was eventually continued in 2002. The construction destroyed at least 60% of the archaeological site's open area, where the majority of artifacts can be found. Protests against the heritage destruction was made by cultural experts, but nothing happened with their plea. In 2003, the Heritage Conservation Advocates went to the open area of Huluga for a scientific surface investigation and managed to find earthenware, Chinese pottery sherds, obsidian flakes, animal bones, an ancient Spanish coin, and a whale harpoon similar to those being used in Lomblen Island, Indonesia. The newly discovered artifacts proved that there are still many artifacts that can be found in the area. This caused the HCA to file a case against Emano and the contractor UKC Builders, before the Environmental Management Bureau. However, the construction continued and was inaugurated in September 2003 by Emano. A day later, president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo made a speech in UNESCO about her administration's gains in cultural conservation. In January 2004, the city council enacted an ordinance that authorized Emano to sign a contract with the Archaeological Studies Program of the University of the Philippines to do salvage archaeology in Huluga and vicinities. The program did not make cooperitve linkages with existing archeological programs from Xavier University. The ASP declared that the site was an ancient camp, not a settlement, due to their findings in the destroyed archaeological site. The report did not consider the findings of Xavier University. The issue later climbed into the Philippine Senate, where Loren Legarda issued a resolution for investigation of the matter, but the investigation was never approved by the other members of the Senate. The artifacts found in the Huluga Caves and its destroyed open site from 1992 to 2003 are housed in Xavier University, Capitol University, and the University of the Philippines.

Notable calamities

On the evening of December 16–17, 2011, Tropical Storm Sendong caused widespread flash flooding in Northern Mindanao. In Cagayan de Oro, hundreds living near the banks of the Cagayan de Oro River were killed, with hundreds still missing.
Officials said that despite government warning, some people did not evacuate. Five people were killed in a landslide, while others died in the flash floods which occurred overnight, following 10 hours of rain, compounded by overflowing rivers and tributaries. Most of the victims had been sleeping.
In some areas, up to 20 centimeters of rain fell in 24 hours. More than 2,000 were rescued, according to the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and at least 20,000 people were staying in 10 evacuation centers in Cagayan de Oro. Officials were also investigating reports that an entire village was swept away. The confirmed death toll from the disaster is 1,268.
In January 2017, Cagayan de Oro, along with other parts of Visayas and Mindanao, was impacted by a combination of a low-pressure area and the tail-end of a cold front. The heavy rain inundated many streets, stranding many commuters. At the University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, about 900–1,000 students were trapped as most of their campus was flooded. The students were forced to climb to the upper floors of the school's buildings and wait until rescue arrived. The city's shopping malls on Claro M. Recto Avenue were also severely affected, with Limketkai Center completely inundated by the floodwaters. A basement parking area of a mall at the corner of Corrales St. was covered with water, while another one near Bitan-ag Creek was flooded as well, even though the area was elevated.
On December 21, 2017, Typhoon Vinta impacted most of Mindanao. It made its landfall in the Davao Region. Three bridges were closed due to rising water levels in Cagayan de Oro, where 1,719 individuals were forced to evacuate. Roughly 30,000 people were either stranded in ports or stayed in evacuation centers while 22,000 people moved to higher grounds due to heavy flooding.

Geography

Cagayan de Oro is located along the north central coast of Mindanao, the second-largest island in the Philippine archipelago.
The southern part of the city is bordered by the provinces of Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte. The municipality of Opol borders the city on the west and Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental to the east. To the north lies Macajalar Bay facing the Bohol Sea.
Its total land area is 488.86 km² representing 13.9 percent of the entire Misamis Oriental province. It includes 25 kilometers of coastline and a harbor, Macajalar Bay. 44.7 percent of Cagayan de Oro is classified as agricultural land, while 38.4 percent is classified as open spaces.
The city is frequently categorized and referenced according to geographic factors: the 1st District consisting of 24 barangays which are mostly suburban, and the 2nd District, made up of 17 barangays, including city proper barangays numbering from 1-40.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification system, Cagayan de Oro has a tropical climate with an annual average temperature of 28 °C. In June 1998, the city recorded its highest temperature to date of 39 °C.
Cagayan de Oro does not receive an even amount of rainfall throughout the year. The driest months are March and April while August and September are the wettest months. The rainy or wet season lasts from June until November with the relatively drier seasons lasting from December until May. The city lies outside the typhoon belt but is affected by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.

Demographics

As of the, the city has a population of, making it the 10th most populous city in the Philippines and 3rd most populous in Mindanao after Zamboanga City.
About 44 percent of the household population in Cagayan de Oro classified themselves as ethnically mixed people, 22.15 percent as Cebuano, 4.38 percent as Boholano, while 28.07 percent as other ethnic groups..

Religion

is the city's dominant religion, represented by almost 70 percent of the population. Other religious affiliations include the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, the Philippine Independent Church, the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Christ's Commission Fellowship, Baptists, the United Methodist Church, Jesus Miracle Crusade, and Islam which is increasing its number in the city since the Marawi Siege that started on the 23rd of May 2017, due to the migration of some families from Marawi City to other nearby cities including Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro City.
The Archdiocese of Cagayan de Oro comprises the three civil provinces of Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Camiguin and the entire Caraga region. It is a metropolitan seat on the island of Mindanao.
The current archbishop in Cagayan de Oro is Most Reverend Antonio J. Ledesma, S.J., D.D., who was installed on March 4, 2006, and his seat is located at St. Augustine Metropolitan Cathedral.
Recently, the Basilica of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo Church decided to move the replica statue of the Black Nazarene to Jesus Nazareno Parish Church in Cagayan de Oro along Claro M. Recto Avenue, so that the Black Nazarene devotees from Mindanao do not have to travel to Quiapo in Manila for their annual pilgrimage.
Protestant missionary activity in the city started in 1916, although have grown in numbers in the recent decades. One of the known Protestant groups in the city is Pentecostalism, which dramatically increased with 2.8 percent in total population About 20 churches have settled in the metropolitan area. Celebration International Church has one of the highest member attendances with a record of 735 members. In addition, three main Pentecostal mother churches are situated in the suburban area and few in the metropolitan areas. Also, Adventists, Mormons, and Methodists have also grown in numbers within the suburban areas.
Islam is practiced mainly by Maranao settlers and the Balik Islam members. There are several large mosques and about 50 small mosques that can be found in the city. Masjid Sharif Alawi in Barangay Balulang is the largest mosque in Northern Mindanao, with over 3,200 square meters in land area, which also includes a madrasa and seminar building. During Eid prayers, Pelaez Sports Complex is a known place for hosting the Salatul Eid.
Buddhism and Taoism are practiced by majority of local Chinese.

Languages

Cebuano is the primarily spoken language in the city. English is mainly used for business and in the academe. Maranao is widely spoken by the city's Muslim community, majority of whom are ethnic Maranaos. Subanen, Bukid, Higaonon, Hiligaynon, and Waray are also spoken to varying degrees by their respective communities within the city.

Economy

Cagayan de Oro is the regional center and logistics and business hub of Northern Mindanao. The city's economy is largely based on industry, commerce, trade, service and tourism. Investment in Cagayan de Oro City for the first six months of 2012 reached 7.4 billion pesos outpacing the local government's expectation of to nearly 100 percent. Investments in the city are dominated by malls, high-rise hotels and condominiums and convention centers. The net income for 2012 pegged at 2,041,036,807.89 billion pesos.
It noted the United Nations cited Cagayan de Oro City in 2014 as “emerging city of tomorrow,” owing to its strong fundamentals that help strengthen its position as an emerging business leader in Mindanao.
FWD Life Philippines President and CEO Peter Grimes said that Cagayan de Oro City is emerging as the economic and financial center of Mindanao due to the city's conducive peace and order condition, its stable power supply, its readily available and well-trained human resource, government efficiency and appropriate infrastructure.
Cagayan de Oro is home of the multi-billion peso fuel import facility of Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation, dubbed as the North Mindanao Import Facility.
In 2018, during the 6th Regional Competitiveness Summit organized by the Department of Trade and Industry, Cagayan de Oro City was named as the country's “Top 5 Most Competitive City” in the highly urbanized cities category, notching five ranks higher as compared to its overall ranking last year outranking the country's top financial center, Makati City, which ranked sixth.
along CM Recto Avenue

Big industries and homegrown industries

Cagayan de Oro is the home of multinational companies, like Del Monte, Nestle, Liwayway Marketing Corporation, Unipace Corporation, Philip Morris Fortune Tobacco Inc., Madison Shopping and Supervalue, Inc..

Bank industry

Cagayan de Oro, as the regional economic center of Northern Mindanao, houses the Cagayan de Oro Branch of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. As of December 2017, at least 100 banks are operating in the city.

Automobile industry

Cagayan de Oro has a wide variety of car brands like Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Isuzu, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, Ford, Kia, Foton, Mazda, Chevrolet, BMW, Peugeot, Hyundai, Subaru, Chery, Jinbei, Tata, Hino and Volkswagen have set up dealerships in the city. Most of the car showrooms are located along the Iligan-Cagayan de Oro-Butuan Road.
MAN has their CDO showroom at nearby town of Opol. Monark Equipment has one-hectare equipment yard in El Salvador, Misamis Oriental, which is just a 16-minute drive away from Cagayan de Oro.
Auto Hardware and car accessory stores for all types of cars and vehicles are abounding in Cagayan de Oro. A long stretch of auto hardware stores for parts and supplies are located along Osmeňa Street.

Real estate and construction supply industry

National and international companies have started building high-rise and mid-rise hotels and condominiums in Cagayan de Oro, such as Limketkai Luxe Hotel, Seda Hotel, New Dawn Pensionne, Centrio Tower and Aspira Towers under Avida Residences, Primavera Residences and Primavera City under ItalPinas Corp., The Loop under Vista Residences, MesaVerte Residences under Cebu Landmasters Inc, Tucania Towers, One Providence, One Oasis under Filinvest Land Inc.
Major real estate developers in Cagayan de Oro are Ayala Land, A Brown Inc., Camella, Crown Asia, Johndorf Ventures Corp., Pueblo de Oro, Robinsons Home Inc., Land Asia Realty and Development Corp, Liberty Land Corp., Filinvest Land Inc., Cebu Landmasters Inc. and Megaworld. The newest to join these is Bria which develops the socialized housing brand Lumina Homes and the economic low-rise condominium Bria Flats.

Retail industry

Limketkai Center which has two shopping malls host many flagship tenants which include two Robinsons Supermarket branches, then there is also Shopwise Supermarket at the East Concourse, another Robinsons Supermarket stand-alone branch in Barangay Gusa, stand-alone department stores, two SM Malls, Ayala Centrio Malls, Gaisano City Malls, large grocery stores, 24-hour convenience stores and two CityMall stores, offering local and imported products. Stores owned by local, national and foreign Chinese, Taiwanese, and Korean businessmen, are abounding in the City.
Gas refilling stations as sub-sector of retail are all over the city. These are distributed by Shell, Caltex, Petron, Blu Energy, Phoenix, Jetti, and Geo Gas.

Business process outsourcing

in Cagayan de Oro is booming due to ample supply of human capital supported by available health, research, educational, and modern telecommunication facilities. At present, business process operators in the city are Concentrix Corporation, Teleperformance, , Envizion, Arriba Telecontact Inc., Accolade Resources Inc., SupportZebra, Versatel, Specialized Outsource Partners Inc. and some BPO Web Development and Information Technology companies like Syntactics and . Quantity surveying consultancy company Rider Levett Bucknall Philippines, Inc. also operates in the city.
The increase of business process outsourcing companies in the city has led to new buildings and zones dedicated for contact centers. These new buildings are all PEZA registered.

Cooperative business

Cagayan de Oro is home to cooperatives which provide employment, economic assistance, and considered as one of the prime drivers of the City's economy. The Extension Office of Cooperative Development Authority of the Philippines, located in the City as the center of Northern Mindanao, provides technical advisory services, regulatory services, and online application processing. It is also the location of MASS-SPEC. The big names of Cooperatives located in CDO are FICCO which has become a billionaire cooperative covering the entire of Mindanao, Oro Integrated Cooperative, ACDI Multipurpose Cooperative, Asian Business Cabletow Cooperative Academy, Inc., CFI Community Cooperative, , Oro Savings & Sharing Cooperative, Cooperative Bank of Misamis Oriental.

Culture and arts

There are several notable events in the city. Each barangay or barrio has its own feast locally known as Fiesta honoring their patron saints after achieving recognition in their own rights.
The Higalaay Festival is a week-long celebration in honor of Cagayan de Oro's patron saint St. Augustine held every August.
Highlights of the Higalaay Festival are the Kahimunan Trade Fair, which features the native products of the city and province, particularly agricultural, Miss Cagayan de Oro, Folkloric Street Dancing Competition featuring colorful attires and cultural dances of the Higaonon tribes, Higalas Parade of Cagayan de Oro Icons and Floats, Halad sa Lambagohan, PE Rhythmic Dance Competition, Kalo Festival and Kumbira, a culinary show and exhibit that started in 1996 by Kagay-anons hoteliers and restaurants. It has since evolved over the years and now hosts a culinary competition among students and professionals from all over Mindanao. The competition is divided into students and professionals where hotel and restaurant management schools and professional chefs compete against each other in their respective categories. There are also cultural shows, competitions and celebrity concerts. In more recent years, some of these competitions have been replaced with new ones, such as the Folkloric Street Dancing Competition, which was replaced by the Cagayan de Oro Carnival Parade in 2014.
The annual religious tradition of the Feast of the Black Nazarene in Cagayan de Oro City is held every January 9 by having a procession called “Traslacion” in which hundreds of thousands of devotees participate. Cagayan de Oro is one of only three sites in the country to have this ‘Traslacion’.
"Himugso", which means birth, is a week-long celebration of Cagayan de Oro's Charter Day and Philippine Independence Day. Cagayan de Oro's cityhood was established on June 15, 1950. Independence Day is the national commemoration of the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Both Charter Day and Independence day are non-working holidays and a roster of special activities is lined up annually to mark the dual special occasion.
RODELSA Hall, operated by Liceo de Cagayan University, serves as a center for the performing arts. Concerts of many genres have been performed at RODELSA. Cine Europa featuring European Union's cultures which include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania were shown at RODELSA.
Xavier Center for Culture and the Arts, part of Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan, commissions and hosts culture and arts programs.
In addition, the city is also the birthplace of Kadaiyahan festival, which claimed to be the first Mindanao-wide Pride March. Mindanao Pride, an emerging social movement that advocates for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer rights and welfare in the island's regions. Kadaiyahan is the Visayan word for diversity and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex community. The LGBTQI are at the forefront of fighting for acceptance, not just tolerance in Philippine society.

Cuisine

Cagayan de Oro food cultures include a variety of world cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Western and Austronesian immigrants have made the city famous for pastel bread, chicharrón and Hamon de Cagayan. Some mobile food vendors licensed by the city sell street food like kwek-kwek, fish balls, tempura and proven and grilled meat.
Cagayan de Oro has local, national, and foreign owned restaurants, eateries, fast-foods, snack bars, bakeshops, and coffee shops that sprout all over the city.

Sports

Cagayan de Oro is the home of the Cagayan de Oro Stars and Cagayan de Oro Rapids basketball teams. This major teams of the city is member community of Mindanao Visayas Basketball Association, an amateur commercial basketball league in southern Philippines sanctioned by the country's National Sports Association for basketball, the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas. It is also the home of "Holcim MoneyGram-Misamis Oriental" and "Holcim Pryce Pharma", which commencing the Misamis Oriental province. Aside from basketball, Cagayan de Oro is known for its oldest lawn tennis clubs like the "Golden Friendship Tennis Club". In addition, the city is ornamented with amateur volleyball teams like the Xavier University Volleyball Team.
The city was known for its leading sport, chess, one of the most common recreations by continuing championships in Mindanao since the 1990s. White water rafting and kayaking have annual sport events through the Cagayan River.
Sport venues include one of the biggest sports complex in Mindanao the Pelaez Memorial Sports Center, Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan Gymnasium, Liceo Civic Center, University of Science and Technology in Southern Philippine Gymnasium and others, a sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts. The Pelaez Memorial Sports Center serves as the home complex of Misamis Oriental sports teams.
Cagayan de Oro's new indoor sport is go-karting. The Speed Master Go Kart Race Track at SM City Carpark Building was the first race track in the city and in Mindanao. F1 Go Karts will be the second facility of its kind in the city and the first to use electric cars.

Infrastructure

Transportation

As the gateway to Northern Mindanao and the rest of Mindanao, Cagayan de Oro is accessible via land, air and water transportation. Main public transportation systems within the City are metered taxis, jeepneys with fixed routes, and motorelas within Poblacion. There are also a couple of river taxis that ply down to the Cagayan de Oro River for both locals and tourists.

Ports

The Port of Cagayan de Oro in Macabalan is located near the estuary of the Cagayan de Oro River. It has an anchorage depth of 18 meters and is around 400 meters from the shoreline. It has four large gantry cranes and the biggest international and domestic seaport in Mindanao. It handled 1.399 million metric tons of cargoes during the first quarter of 2016 to rank 3rd in the country after Manila's North Harbor with 5.557 million metric tons and MICT with 3.746 million metric tons. The Port of Cagayan de Oro increased its volume of cargoes by 9.7% from 2015. This is according to data from the Philippine Ports Authority.
The Port of Cagayan de Oro serves regular trips to and from cities of Metro Manila, Cebu City, Tagbilaran, Bacolod, Dumaguete, Iloilo City and Jagna, Bohol.
General Milling and Del Monte Philippines also operate their own port facilities within Cagayan de Oro. The $85 million located in nearby town Tagoloan 17 kilometers from Cagayan de Oro serves the PHIVIDEC Industrial Estate. This city's sub-port connects Mindanao to the ports of major cities in Visayas, Batangas, Metro Manila and the rest of the world.

Airport

Cagayan de Oro's Laguindingan Airport, declared recently as the 7th hub of Cebu Pacific Airlines, handles domestic flights to and from Manila, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Davao City, Bacolod, Zamboanga City, Dumaguete, Tagbilaran, and Clark in Angeles City. It will serve international flights in the future. It sits on a site in Barangay Moog, Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental, some northwest of Cagayan de Oro. The airport was inaugurated on January 11, 2006 by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who advocated the idea of an international airport along the Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Corridor, and was officially opened on June 15, 2013.
Laguindingan International Airport is accessible by various modes of transportation provided by several transport operators from CDO and vice versa. These are ALPHAT Airport metered yellow taxi, regular metered taxi, and several shuttle express vans that run on an hourly basis. All have booths near the parking area at Laguindingan Airport.
In 2019, the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines has granted Original Proponent Status to Aboitiz InfraCapital, Inc. for its unsolicited proposal for the upgrade, expansion, operations, and maintenance of the Laguindingan Airport in Misamis Oriental. The P42.7 billion project involves capacity augmentation through expansion or construction of new passenger terminals, installation of required equipment, and enhancement and development of airside facilities.

Bus terminals

There are two bus terminals in the City: The Eastbound Integrated Bus Terminal also known as Market City and The Westbound Integrate Bus and Jeepney Termminal.
The Eastbound integrated Bus Terminal also known as Market City offers regular landtrips to and from eastern municipalities of Misamis Oriental or eastern part of Mindanao including Balingoan and Gingoog, Carmen, Nasipit, Butuan, Bukidnon including Central or Southern portion of Mindanao such as Malaybalay and Valencia, Davao City, Kabacan, Tacurong and General Santos.
The Westbound Integrated Bus and Jeepney Terminal also has regular land trips to and from western municipalities of Misamis Oriental or Western part of Mindanao including El Salvador and Laguindingan, Iligan, Marawi, Tangub, Ozamiz, Dapitan, Dipolog, and the rest of Zamboanga Peninsula including Pagadian and Zamboanga City.

Public utilities

Water services are provided by the Cagayan de Oro Water District, the first water district established in the entire Philippines. The Bulk Water Supply, a supply agreement between COWD and the contractor, has a total production capacity of 198,262 cubic metres per day, and comes from treated water from Cagayan de Oro river, the main water source of the city.
Electricity in the city is provided mainly by Cagayan Electric Power and Light Company and partly by Misamis Oriental 1st Rural Electric Service Cooperative. Cagayan Electric Power and Light Company. CEPALCO, which began operations in 1952, covers almost all of Cagayan de Oro and the Municipalities of Tagoloan, Villanueva and Jasaan, all in the Province of Misamis Oriental, including the 3,000-hectare PHIVIDEC Industrial Estate and caters to more than 100,000 consumers. The company's distribution system network includes 138,000 volt, 69,000 volt, 34,500 volt and 13,800 volt systems. CEPALCO's power supply is mainly coming from embedded power generators, namely: 165MW-Coal Power Plant of Minergy Power Corporation in Balingasag, 46MW-Diesel Power Plants of Minergy in Tablon, 8MW-Cabulig Hydro Electric Power Plant in Claveria, 7MW-Bubunawan Hydro Power Plant in Baungon-Libona, Bukidnon, 12.5MW Kirahon Solar Power Plant in Villanueva. CEPALCO is also operating the Developing World's first and largest on-grid solar photovoltaic power plant. The 1-megawatt polycrystalline silicon-based photovoltaic plant in Barangay Indahag of this city is connected with the distribution network of CEPALCO. It is the biggest solar power plant connected to the power grid in Southeast Asia. Misamis Oriental -1 Rural Electric Service Cooperative whose office is located in Laguindingan covers remote parts of Cagayan de Oro. These are barangays Canitoan, Pagatpat, San Simon, and Baikingon.
Telecommunications are provided by PLDT, Philcom, Misortel, Globe, Smart, and Sun.

Law and order

Cagayan de Oro is the regional base of Philippine Air Force, Philippine Army, and Philippine National Police in Northern Mindanao.
The Philippine Air Force is using Lumbia Airport as its air base which is currently operating a service equipment of OV-10 Bronco aircraft as well as UH-1 Huey and MD-520MG Defender helicopters. This will be a future home of the 15th Air Strike Wing that will be moving out from Sangley Point in Cavite
The Philippine Army operates the largest military camp in Mindanao located in Barangay Patag with an area of 129 hectares. It is home to the 4th infantry division of the Philippine Army. Camp Evangelista's external jurisdiction covers the Northern Mindanao and Caraga regions. Minor military camps are also located in barangay Lumbia and upper Puerto.
The Philippine National Police also operates its Regional Headquarters at Camp Alagar in Barangay Lapasan. Camp Alagar has jurisdiction over the entire Northern Mindanao, namely the Provinces of Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental including its major cities; Cagayan de Oro and Iligan.
Recently, PNP, AFP and spearheaded by LGU of Cagayan de Oro formed a new integrated security force of the city known as Task Force Oro.
The local government of Cagayan de Oro upgraded its emergency services as it launched on Monday, October 30, 2017, dialing the 911 number will immediately link the call to CDRRMC. The city patterned its improved emergency response program after Davao City's Central 911 emergency call. CDO's 911 will utilize Computer-Aided Emergency response.
Cagayan de Oro is one of the three locations in the country where the Judiciary's Court of Appeals is holding office. The Court of Appeals of the Philippines is the Philippines' second-highest judicial court. Cagayan de Oro's Court of Appeals has 3 divisions covering all of Mindanao.

Medical facilities

Cagayan de Oro has a hospital bed-to-population ratio of 1:474 as of 2003. The Justiniano R. Borja General Hospital, the Camp Evangelista Station Hospital, and Northern Mindanao Medical Center are the three government-run hospitals.
Capitol University Medical City, Polymedic General Hospital, Polymedic Medical Plaza, Maria Reyna–Xavier University Hospital, Cagayan de Oro Medical Center, Madonna and Child Hospital, Sabal Hospital, Puerto Community Hospital, and Maternity-Children's Hospital and Puericulture Center are privately owned.
A special medical facility for drug-abuse treatment and rehabilitation is the Department of Health-Treatment and Rehabilitation Center-Cagayan de Oro located at Upper Puerto, Barangay Puerto.
Many of these government-owned and privately owned hospital facilities have undergone expansion, renovation and modernization.

Education

The City has four major private universities/colleges: Capitol University, Liceo de Cagayan University, Lourdes College Cagayan de Oro, and Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan. The University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines is the only state university in the city. Other higher education institutions include Southern Philippines College, Pilgrim Christian College, Cagayan de Oro College, St. Mary's Academy of Carmen run by the RVM Sisters, Informatics Computer Institute and STI College - Cagayan de Oro with Senior High School programs. There are also a number of foreign schools in the city with study programs.
Notable public and private elementary and high schools include Cagayan de Oro National High School, Bulua National High School, Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School, Gusa Regional Science High School - X, City Central School, St. Mary's School, , , Merry Child School, , Marymount Academy, Vineyard International Polytechnic College, and Montessori de Oro. There are also schools in Cagayan de Oro that use the Accelerated Christian Education system. Two of these schools include Cavite Bible Baptist Academy-CDO branch, and Shekinah Glory Christian Academy. There are two Chinese schools in the city: Kong Hua School and Oro Christian Grace School. There are two international schools run by Koreans, namely: and Immanuel Mission International School.

Media

Notable media publications in the city are the Mindanao Gold Star Daily, SunStar Cagayan de Oro, and Super Balita. Ang Katarungan is the city's major English-Cebuano language paper published since 1926. Brigada Newspaper Cagayan de Oro is the most popular newspaper company in the city. Mindanao Business Daily and BusinessWeek Mindanao are two business publications of BusinessWeek Mindanao Group of Publications.
In local television, famous local produced shows were from ABS-CBN TV-4 Cagayan de Oro that broadcast not only in the city but it reach whole Northern Mindanao and even Southern Bohol and Caraga region. Morning show like Pamahaw Espesyal and local news program like TV Patrol North Mindanao. Also, GMA Northern Mindanao contributed to local flagship news program One Mindanao that broadcast in the whole Mindanao.

Local government

Elected and appointed public officials have governed Cagayan de Oro since June 15, 1950, with a strong mayor-council government. The city political government is composed of the mayor, vice mayor, two congressional districts representatives, sixteen councilors, one Sangguniang Kabataan Federation representative and an Association of Barangay Captains representative. Each official is elected publicly to a three-year terms.
The following are the current city officials of Cagayan de Oro:
  • House of Representatives
  1. 1st Legislative district: Rep. Rolando A. Uy
  2. 2nd Legislative district: Rep. Rufus B. Rodriguez
  • Mayor: Oscar S. Moreno
  • Vice Mayor: Raineir Joaquin Uy

    Barangay and legislative districts

Cagayan de Oro is politically subdivided into 80 barangays. These are grouped into two congressional districts, 24 barangays in the 1st district and 56 barangays in the 2nd district, with the Cagayan de Oro River as the natural boundary. The city has a 57 urbanized barangays and 23 rural barangays all in all.

Notable people

  • Antonio Julian Montalván II - a social anthropologist, historian, and heritage activist. He writes opinion articles in The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Aljazeera, and Mindanao Gold Star Daily. He is also an author and a collaborative museologist.
  • Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. - former Senate President
  • Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III - Senate President under President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
  • Martin Andanar - Secretary of the Presidential Communications Operations Office under President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
  • Pia Wurtzbach - Miss Universe Philippines 2015, Miss Universe 2015
  • Maria Isabel Lopez - Binibining Pilipinas Universe
  • Mark Bautista - singer, songwriter, theater actor
  • Milan Melindo - professional boxer
  • Ciso Morales - professional boxer
  • Jason Pagara - professional boxer
  • Albert Pagara - professional boxer
  • Maricar Reyes - Filipino actress
  • Sheree - member of Viva Hot Babes
  • Jojo Lastimosa - PBA Player
  • Philip Paniamogan - Professional Basketball Player - PBA
  • Jiovani Jalalon - Professional Basketball Player - PBA
  • Carlo Lastimosa - Professional Basketball Player - PBA
  • Rey Nambatac - Professional Basketball Player - PBA
  • John Paul Erram - Professional Basketball Player - PBA
  • Glenn R. Khobuntin - Professional Basketball Player - PBA
  • Maymay Entrata - Big Winner
  • Nikki De Moura - Filipino-Brazilian who won the title of Miss Teen Philippines 2019.
  • Cecilio De los Angeles Jr. Professional Basketball Player - Crispa, Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association
  • Ivana Alawi-Actress and Vlogger. From Cagayan De Oro and moved to Manila later.

    International relations

Twin towns or sister cities

Cagayan de Oro has sister cities worldwide including local, as classified by the city government.