Biskra
Biskra is the capital city of Biskra Province, Algeria. In 2007, its population was recorded as 307,987. Biskra is located in northeastern Algeria, about 248 miles from Algiers, 71 miles southwest of Batna and 137 miles north of Touggourt. It is nicknamed "The Queen of the Zibans", "The Door of the Desert" or "The Saharan Nice" because of its location at the beginning of the Sahara Desert. Due to its geographical location, its climate and natural resources, particularly farming, Biskra has always been a hub and a crossroad between the cities in the north and south. It has seen the passage of several civilizations, from the Romans and the Arabs to the French.
In 1844, Biskra became a French garrison, which saw fighting during rebellions in 1849 and 1871.
Currently the city of Biskra has 28 neighborhoods, including the three principal neighborhoods of, Korra, City 60 Logements, and Equipment Zones. It is in the southern part of the Algerian rail system, and a popular winter resort.
Etymology
The city has been known by several names, including Biskra, Sokkra, Vescra, Vecera, Vescera, Adbesran. Historians do not agree on the origins of the current name. Some say its name comes down from the name Vescera, which means "station" or "place" of commercial exchange, due to its geographical location that connects north to south. But the Roman leader Betolimih BenyoubaII gave it another name, "the river of destiny", which is due to the river of Sidi Zarzour that crosses the city.Some researchers say that its name originates from the ancient Roman name "Adebesran," due to the ancient geothermal source that is located near the city, known as Salhine Hammam. Other sources say that the real name comes down from the word "Sokkra", due to the better quality of the sweet dates that this city has everywhere in its oases. Still others claim that the current name was given to the city by the Carthaginians.
History
Gaetuli
The Gaetuli first appeared in North Africa during the 3rd millennium BC. They settled on a large territory south of the Roman provinces of Africa and Mauritania. The Genset, a direct descendant of the branch of the Capesian civilization that migrated to the Sahara around 3000 BC, and is certainly the people who dominated in the most certain way Algeria during the 1500 years of its antiquity. They were according to the Greek historian Strabo the most numerous people of North Africa, but also the least known. Among the oldest references to the Gétules are probably those of the Carthaginians who indicate that the Prince of the Gétules proposed to marry Élyssa, the founding queen of Carthage around the year 815 BC. However, references in ancient Egypt of certain tribes go back to 1350 BC about in the reign of Akhenaton of the eighteenth dynasty that speaks of cattle trade with this people.The Gétules are probably also the origin of the Berber calendar which begins around 943–949 BC. The beginning of this calendar would follow the victory of a coalition of Gétules over the Egyptians. This coalition, formed by the North African tribes, left the south-west of Algeria, reinforcing its force en route wherever it passed in North Africa. The coalition led by Sheshonq defeated Pharaoh Psousennes II. Following this victory Sheshnaq married the daughter of the pharaoh, settled on the throne of Egypt under the name of Sheshonq in 952 BC, and founded the XXII Dynasty. This biblical event is mentioned in the Old Testament, which speaks of the pillaging of this leader of the Machaouach tribe..
The Gétules are the Berber nomads of the pre-Saharan of North Africa and speak the Berber language with some variations. They came from the desert of the Caspian Sea and were forced to migrate following the destruction of a natural dam that left them without a water source for their livestock. Specialists of the desert life, they first settled on the edge of the Nile. However, the Pharaohs hunted them in the sixth century BC.
Always while traversing the desert, arrived until Tassili with the Touaregs where they stayed a long time, got mixed up with the Touaregs and learned the Tamazigh language for reasons of communication, cultural and commercial exchanges. Unfortunately felt like "Gringos" in these places, decided to continue path until "The Promised Land":
North Africa which has become almost theirs. In Algeria, they have set themselves at the limit of Aures for the dish to which they are accustomed, have posed problems to the Roman infiltration in the 3rd century BC because dreaded in combat and good horsemen. It was necessary to involve a late Roman politician, Marius, to negotiate exploration of the South against concessions of agricultural land around Cirta and Setifis, at the time under Roman rule; a trick of dispersing them
and so diminished in their strength. Thus, the Gétulie was occupied by the Romans. This is what I learned from Charles Andrés Julien and Courteau, both history teachers at the Sorbonne and specialists in North Africa.
Roman Colonization
The city of Biskra experienced many very violent wars during the Roman colonization, including the great resistance war led by the Berber leader Tacfarinas. Followed by his successor the great healed militant Jugurtha "Youghorta" who resisted the Roman army. With the help of the inhabitants of the city, who did not hesitate to give their human and material support, Jugurtha destroyed the Roman army at the end of the so-called Noumidia region.The Vandals in the 4th century
"Oundals" invaded the city of Biskra and occupied all its land after a language resistance of its inhabitants. The weakness of the Vandals and lure falls in front of the resistance and the continuous fights of the inhabitants, forced them to integrate with the inhabitants of the Ziban in a complete way.After a few decades, the Romans took over the direction of the city where they built obstacles to protect themselves from the vengeance of the population.
The arrival of the Arab conqueror Okba Ben Nafaa El Fihri in the 7th century AD
They remained with such vigilance until the arrival of the Arab conqueror Okba Ben Nafaa Elfehri in the 7th century AD. During this period, the whole area came under another monarchy. it was the Arab-Muslim monarchy. After 20 years of conquest, Okba Ben Nafaa died in 683 AD with his army when he returned from Morocco. His death was organized by an ambush mounted by his adversary the Numidian prince Koceila and his army at the place called Tahouda, a small village located 5 km from the oasis "Sidi Okba" whose body of this conqueror is based in the mosque of the city that took his name. According to the imam of this mosque, this place which contains more than 300 tombs, is the 4th holy place of Islam, after Mecca, Medina and Aksa.In the early 10th century, Biskra and the entire Ziban area were conquered by the kings of Beni Hammad.
The Hillal Bannis in the 12th century AD
Followed by the Kabyla of Elathbend banished Hilal who removed and confiscated the property of the inhabitants. They asked the help of the Almohads of the kingdom of Marrakech in the 12th century AD.The Hafsids in the 14th century AD
In the 14th century AD, the Hafssid arrived in Tunisia and Algeria. Biskra became a very important pole for the Hafsids of Tunisia where it remained under lure monarchy and direction for a long time then under the authority of Mérinides of Fez and banned Abd-Elouadi and the Znatiyin of Tlemcen.The conquest of the city by the Turks in 1541
In 1541, the conquest of the city by the Turks began, under the direction of Hocine Agha who defended the city of Algiers at the time and brought out the strength of Charles Compte of the latter.The Ottoman Empire remained in the city 3 centuries until the French colonization in 1830.
French colonization from 1844
Indeed, after the invasion of the city of Biskra in 1844, and due to its protective geographical nature, the French army, built a secure area in its agglomeration to oppose the popular resistance of the inhabitants. But the progress of the liberation movement of El-hadj Mohammed Esaghire Elokbi, the successor or "caliphate" of El-Emir Abdelkader who went to General Lamoriciere on 23 December 1847, destroyed his armor and returned to a war of two fronts, the first against the Ben Ghana family and the French forces and the second front against the pillaging and embezzlement of Ahmed Bey and his monarchy in Constantine.Thus, the opposition and the refusal of the rebels continued until the war of Zaatcha 20 kilometers west of Biskra in 1849. The refusal threatened the French to drag on throughout the Ziban area and could even spreading to Aurès under the leadership of Sheikh Bou Zian, who refused to pay the palm tax, Lieutenant Seroka, of the Arab Bureau of Biskra, the Zaatcha affair began.
During this first period, the war of Bou Zian, chief of tribe, is memorable. The columns entered the gardens, delimited by small walls, which surrounded the Ksours in the oases and formed an inextricable maze. The shooting was terrible, the natives retreated but there are already several dead and many wounded, finished with the knife by Bou Zian, and his men. Carbuccia, the French Colonel withdrew. The failure was serious, the moral effect disastrous. Bou Zian exploited his victory and sent burning letters to the AURES and ZIBAN people...
Arrived in front of the zone called Zaatcha the French met a bastioned wall, crenelated, preceded by a ditch of 7 meters wide and 1 to 3 meters deep filled with water.
Colonel Carbuccia in charge of this mission was surprised by the topography of the ground and the resistance which opposed him in the middle of a dense vegetation. The struggles and fights continued for 7 months without stopping. It took 7,000 troops and 53 days of blockade for the destruction of the siege by the three colonels together: Canrobert, Barral, and Lourmel giving the death of Chief Bouzian with 1400 besieged and 2130 people on the French side.
This defeat did not diminish the will of the inhabitants to resist against the forces of the French armies. Indeed, the inhabitants led many wars the most known, was the war of El-kamri in 1879.
After nearly 100 years of events in Zaatcha, and in 1954, Biskra was among the important place where the War of 1 November began notably in the mountains of Aurès and in the adobe villages, all surrounded by palm trees, with the walls and the saguias separating the gardens, present to the assailant considerable difficulty.
In culture
At the end of the 19th century Biskra, a popular spa town and gateway to the Sahara, became a center for artists and photographers such as Émile Frechon, Alexandre Bougault and Rudolf Lehnert. From 1872 to 1920 the French Count Albert Landon de Longueville hosted in his villa-cum-chateau at Biskra, nobility, artists and writers, including Béla Bartok, Oscar Wilde, Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, André Gide, Nasreddine Dinet, Eugène Fromentin, Karl Marx, Anatole France, Francis James and Henri Matisse.Biskra is the setting of key sections of André Gide's 1902 novel The Immoralist and lesser known 1897 prose-poem Les nourritures terrestres, and he visited the town in 1895 with Lord Alfred Douglas, following a meeting with Oscar Wilde in Blida and Algiers.
The French artist Henri Matisse has a work titled Blue Nude an oil painting finished in 1907.
The Hungarian composer Béla Bartók collected traditional music in Biskra in 1913.
The Polish composer Karol Szymanowski, who traveled to North Africa, seemed to have been quite impressed by Biskra. This trip probably aroused a genuine interest for the North African/ Arabic culture. He composed many pieces influenced by his experience there. He sent a post card from Biskra on 11 April 1914.
Diana Mayo, protagonist of Edith Maude Hull's popular 1919 novel The Sheik, starts her journey into the desert from Biskra, and in the identically-named 1921 silent movie The Sheik starring Rudolph Valentino in perhaps his most famous role.
Winston Churchill's cousin, sculptress and author Clare Sheridan held a salon in Biskra in the 1920s and 1930s.
Geography
Biskra is located in the north-east of Algeria, in the district of Biskra. The city lies about 248 miles from Algiers, 71 miles southwest of Batna and 137 miles north of Touggourt. She is nicknamed "The Queen of the Zibans", "The door of the desert" or "The Saharan Nice" because of its location which is the beginning of the desert.It is located at an altitude of 87 m in the northern part of the Sahara Desert.
Apart from the mountains that surround it, the topography of Biskra is generally very flat. Part of the city is surrounded by the Sfa Pass and the Ziban Mountains. In the outskirts of Biskra, the landscape is very arid with all the same vegetation that vary depending on the location. Small water points can be found in the outskirts of Biskra, especially in the oases and canyons of the mountains around El Kantara. The prefecture of Biskra is crossed by Oued Labiod waterways, Oued El Arab, Djedi, Oued Meziraâ, Oued El and Oued el Gantara. The city covers an area of 127.55 km2. It has a population of 307,987 and is the 10th most populous city. It has a population density of 1,612.0 inhabitants per square meter. The population of Biskra are called Biskri.
As in the rest of the country, Biskra does not observe summer time and stays in the same time zone all year round. Whether winter or summer, the time is always the same in Biskra. The sunrise is around 7:41 am to 21 December and 5:24 am on 21 June. The sunset is around 5:30 pm on 21 December and at 7:54 pm on 21 June.
Cityscape
Neighborhoods
The city of Biskra has gone through three phases before getting to where she is today. Started by the pre-colonial phase which testifies, that the city was pending this period under Roman rule over country of the Berbers, and having taken the role of the capital of southern Numidia, and theA very prosperous city, built by the Muslims in the Middle Ages. During the Turkish period the city was hit by epidemics, binding occupiers of the fort to leave the city to settle, in a group scattered the interior of the palm grove, south of the city, around two elements of the form local production, the built environment that are the mosque and seguias, besides the use local building materials.
Secondly, the city was marked by the colonial phase characterized by the building of fort Saint Germain on the northern part, and the construction of a city by an urban model, different from the previous one, and having undergone several extension, particularly the 1st and 2nd and the Dervau Plan, followed during the 50s, by popular extensions to the South at the expense of the palm grove and without dimensional and formal logic.
In the end the post colonial phase characterized by the proliferation of self-built no plan to urban and architectural quality at least and without model, where typological reference, which has only to be curbed, after the instruction of the laws intervention and control of the state, over the urban space, by launching large Housing development operations in the framework of ZUNH, in the form of housing communal collective or subdivision which, despite this, has not been able to resolve the demand for housing, bringing the state to promulgation, other laws havingobjective, improving urban quality, openness and diversification stakeholders.
Today, the city of Biskra is made up of 28 neighborhoods including 3 main ones which are, Korra, City 60 Logts ENICAB and Equipment Zones.
Climate
Biskra has a subtropical hot desert climate typical of the region in which it is found. The city has long and extremely hot summers and short, pleasantly warm winters. In summer, the peaks of heat are among the highest in the country with temperatures that can exceed 120 °F and are similar to cities like Luxor or Phoenix. The average peak July temperature, which is the hottest month, is about 108 °F. On average, the city experiences more than 92 days a year where the temperature is equal to or exceeds 100 °F and nearly 20 days above 110 °F. In comparison, New York City has had a total of 59 days when the temperature was equivalent to or above 100 °F since 1870. Temperatures generally begin to approach or even exceed 94 °F by April. Biskra is one of the hottest cities in the country when it comes to daytime temperatures. Indeed, this one is often higher than during the hottest months. The highest minimum temperature recorded in Biskra was 98.6 °F on 4 July 1993, making it the hottest night ever recorded in the city. On 14 July 1910, the temperature reached 124 °F which is the record of heat in Biskra.The climate is very dry and mostly very clear. Rainfall is limited to only 128.8 mm per year. Precipitation is quite rare despite some showers usually during the coldest months, mainly January and February, where it rains several times in the season, which brings the majority of humidity to Biskra in a year. The highest precipitation record recorded in Biskra in a year is in 1910 while the driest year is only recorded in 1945. The extreme heat that prevails during the summer can cause violent storms at the end of it and usually occur in September, when the air humidity becomes significantly higher with an average of 41% moisture per year. The month with the highest air rate in Biskra is December with 59% humidity, July is the least heavy month with only 27% on average per year. Aside from rainfall or humidity, sandstorms can occur several times a month and even become Haboob, which can make visibility almost zero. Biskra has a very good duration of sunshine in the year with an average of 3,292 hours of sunshine a year. The wettest month is November with, while July is the driest month with.
The hot, dry and sunny climate of the city sometimes attracts some inhabitants of the northern regions as in the city of Batna located 115 km northeast, which experiences fairly icy and wet winters during this period, to enjoy the pleasant weather and sunny in winter.
On average, Biskra knows no day in the year with a temperature below zero. Moving away from the urban area, the risk of frost may be more frequent and night temperatures are lower. Biskra very rarely experiences freezing days and only occurs occasionally during periods of mild cold weather. what can happen to Biskra and its surroundings. The record for the largest number of frost days recorded at Biskra in a winter is 1980–1981 with 73 days, while the record for the number of consecutive years experiencing freeze-up in Biskra is 1886 years. 1888. The lowest recorded temperature in Biskra was 23 °F on 27 December 1914, while the lowest daily maximum temperature was 44.6 °F on 2 February 1934.