Assistive Technology for Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Assistive Technology for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing is special technology made to assist them including Hearing aids, Video relay services, tactile devices, alerting devices and technology for supporting communication.
Introduction
Technology has advanced to an unbelievable point. Those who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing often experience several limitations in accessing technology in their everyday life. The deaf or hard of hearing community has a difficult time to communicate and perceive information as compared to hearing individuals. Thus, these individuals often rely on visual and tactile mediums for receiving and communicating information. The use of assistive technology and devices provides this community with various solutions to their problems by providing higher sound, tactile feedback, visual cues and improved technology access. Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing utilize a variety of assistive technologies that provide them with improved accessibility to information in numerous environments. Most devices either provide amplified sound or alternate ways to access information through vision and/or vibration. These technologies can be grouped into three general categories: Hearing Technology, alerting devices, and communication support.Hearing Technology
Hearing Technology can broadly be defined as any device utilized for improving the level of sound available to a listener. Hearing technology can further be divided into two general subcategories of Assistive Listening Devices or Personal Amplification.Assistive Listening Devices
can be utilized by individuals or large groups of people and can typically be accessed without the support of specific personnel. These devices typically are used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in any given situation. All ALDs utilize a transmitter that sends a person's voice or other sound source to a receiver that distributes the sound evenly throughout a room such as in theaters and churches or directly to an individual. Sound is transmitted in four primary ways:Frequency Modulation
With Frequency Modulation systems, the sound is transmitted on a specific frequency or channel similar to a radio. The has designated specific frequencies for these types of systems. There are now small receivers than can be connected directly to a person's hearing aids through Direct Audio Input. Any time an FM system is coupled to a hearing aid, special settings and connections are required from an audiologist. Sometimes when several FM based systems are used in the same building, there can be problems with cross over between rooms and channels.Infrared
These systems utilize light waves to transmit sound from the transmitter to a special light sensitive receiver. The signal can be broadcast to a whole room through speakers or a person who wears an individual receiver. There must be a clear line of connection between the transmitter and receiver so that the light signal is not interrupted. The benefit of infrared systems is that they only work in the room where the transmitter and receiver are located resulting in significantly fewer issues with cross-over. These systems can be sensitive to external light sources or interfering objects.Induction Loop
Induction loop systems utilize electromagnetic energy to transmit the signal. These systems can cover a small area with a loop placed under a rug or may be permanently installed within the walls or ceiling of larger areas like theaters, auditoriums, or churches.Personal Amplification
Personal amplification is chosen specific to the needs of an individual based on their level of hearing and requires the support of an audiologist to determine candidacy for different devices and appropriately fit and adjust the chosen device.Hearing Aid
is an electroacoustic device which is designed to amplify sound for the wearer, usually with the aim of making speech more intelligible, and to correct impaired hearing as measured by audiometry.Some technologies also worth noting are Cochlear implants and Bone Anchored Hearing Aid. While these are not classified as assistive technology by law, they still work similar as hearing aids.
Communication Support Technology
Following are some technologies employed by deaf and hard of hearing individuals for communication purposes.Teletypewriters
, previously known as teletype machine, allows the user to place phone calls using text through a regular phone line. Each TDD has a keyboard with a text screen. A user either needs to connect with another person that has a TDD or use a relay service that can convert the text into voice for the hearing listener receiving the call. With the improvements in technology for phones, pagers, text devices and computer services, the use of the TDD has declined.Voice Carry Over Telephone
The Voice Carry Over Telephone is used by those people who are unable to hear over the telephone but prefer to use their voice to communicate. VCO telephone calls must be made through a relay service. This connection allows the person with the hearing loss to speak to the other party and read their incoming message on the telephone's display screen. There is also a portable VCO device, which can be attached to cell phones, pay phones, or cordless phones.Varying state to state, this service may be free to the consumer—paid for but the government. This was a provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The relay service companies pick a date that works for the consumer, sets up the telecommunication system, and teaches them how to use it. A third party employee translates the incoming speech in real time for the consumer to read the message.
IP Relay Services
Similar to Voice Carry Over Telephone, The Internet Protocol Relay Service is used by Deaf or Hard of Hearing people can use the phone, but sometimes they cannot hear and don't understand voices on the phone. IP relay is accessible through the internet and allows the person to communicate by text. When a user calls someone, there is a third party person, called a communication assistant, who will receive the user's call and the IP relay will go from the caller's computer to the other person's phone. The communication assistant will type to the deaf/hard of hearing person, who will in turn respond, and then the communication assistant will pass along the information to the person on the other end of the line.Video Relay Services
or Video remote interpreting is a type of video telecommunication service, which use communication devices such as webcams or videophones to provide sign-language and/or spoken language interpretation services. In many cases, getting an interpreter may take some time and they may not be immediately available. The VRI will provide an interpreter on the spot. The VRI has two parties, the deaf/hard of hearing person who is using the VRI, and the interpreter who is on the screen. The interpreter can be on a videophone, web camera, or computer screen. The interpreter will use the audio, while someone speaks and the person will interpret to the deaf person by sign language, and then if the deaf/hard of hearing wants to say something they will sign to the interpreter and the interpreter will use his/her voice to relay that message.Real-Time Text
is transmitting text which the reader can automatically read even before the sender finishes the sentence. The Deaf community uses this as one of the ways to communicate. RTT allows the other person to read the message immediately, without waiting for the message to be written. The idea is similar to the idea which a hearing person talks on the phone. They will talk continuously without any pauses and interruptions. The Deaf community uses RTT to have a continuous conversation.TDD devices, sometimes called TTY devices, are commonly used for RTT via a regular phone call. Text over IP is a type of RTT that uses IP networks natively.