Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides


Alkenyl succinic anhydrides are modified five-membered succinic anhydrides bearing a branched iso-alkenyl chain. They are colorless, and usually viscous liquids. They are widely used, especially in surface sizing of paper, paperboard, and cardboard, as well as in the hydrophobicization of cellulose fibers. Products treated with it show reduced penetration of aqueous media, such as inks or drinks.
In terms of their mode of action, the anhydride is proposed to react with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose, forming an ester. The alkenyl side-chain modifies the surface properties of the paper product. The application is similar to that for alkyl ketene dimers. In the United States alkenylsuccinic anhydrides are the preferred paper sizing agents, whereas in Europe, alkyl ketene dimers predominate.

History

The reaction of maleic anhydride with aliphatic monounsaturated n- and iso-alkenes was described as early as 1936 in a patent. The alkenes are obtained from the so-called "cracked distillate", a distillate fraction with a high content of unsaturation formed by cracking of petroleum.
The patent describes the reaction of the olefins with excess maleic anhydride at 200 °C in an autoclave. The excess alkene is removed by distillation in vacuo, the resulting alkenyl succinic anhydride hydrolyzed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution and the disodium salt reacted with an acid to achieve an alkenebutanedioic acid. However, under the "many useful applications" described for the products obtained, the use as a size has not yet been mentioned. 30% higher reaction yields were achieved with a pre-cleaned cracked petroleum distillate in an autoclave at 210 °C and it was found that the hydrolysis of the succinic anhydride can already be carried out with steam.
In the early technical applications as lubricants and rust inhibitors, the products dark brown color and black, tar-like polymer residues was unproblematic. However, for later use in cleaners and detergents, clear and less dark colored alkenyl succinic anhydride were needed.
The use of alkenylsuccinic anhydrides to hydrophobize cellulose-based textiles and the transfer of this concept to the hydrophobization of paper using iso-octadecenyl succinic anhydrides in 1963 required liquid, particle-free colours with a colour as light as possible.
After initial difficulties in using ASA for paper sizing, process parameters could be adjusted to make alkenyl succinic anhydrides the most important sizing agents in the US.

Preparation

ASAs are prepared in the Alder-ene reaction of alkenes with maleic anhydride at high temperatures. Thereby, competing reactions occur, such as oxidation, condensation and polymerization. The undesirable secondary products are formed reduce the yield of ASA and adversely affect color, texture and processability of the final products. Unbranched 1-alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, which can be obtained from 1-alkenes, are solid at room temperature and not suited for engine sizing from aqueous emulsion.
In the so-called SHOP process, even-numbered 1-alkenes are isomerized on magnesium oxide catalysts with displacement of the double bond to a position along the carbon chain. Subsequently, the crude product is separated by distillation into the desired fractions, the fraction preferred for ASA production is the C14 – C22.
The alkenyl succinic anhydrides are prepared with an excess of isoalkene at temperatures >200 °C under nitrogen atmosphere for more than 3 hours; the excess iso-alkene is distilled off at reduced pressure.
Extensive patent literature exists with regard to the suppression of side reactions in the production of ASA. The formation of polymer can be reduced by the addition of antioxidants or polymerization inhibitors. Thereby, a quantitative reaction of the maleic anhydride can be achieved. Later, it was also achieved to improve the color of the obtained solid ASA from dark brown to amber by washing with water. By combining a reducing agent with a phenolic antioxidant, a significant lightening and reduction of tar formation is achieved.
However, recent patents show that the problem of discoloration and tar formation in ASA synthesis is still insufficiently resolved. Recent patents include a sterically hindered phenol, a thioether and N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane as a metal ion deactivator in a "synergistic blend". The C12-ASA formed from dodecene and MAN after six hours at 220 °C is light yellow in color but still contains significant amounts of black, tarry decomposition products. A dramatic improvement in sizing efficiency is found with alkenyl succinic anhydrides based on symmetrical alkenes, such as the C22 alkene 11-docosen.

Use

Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides - and the alkenylsuccinic acids obtainable therefrom by hydrolysis - possess reactive and surface-active properties. They find use as hardeners for epoxy resins, as corrosion inhibitors in lubricating oils, as reactants in alkyd resins and unsaturated polyester resins, as an additive in motor oil and fuels, as components in plasticizers, as additives in toner resins, as surfactants, as water-binding and moisture-controlling additives, as metal cleaners and as chemical intermediates. By far the most important use of alkenylsuccinic anhydrides by volume is the surface and bulk sizing of paper and cardboard with a global consumption of approximately 47,000 tonnes.

Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides as paper sizing agents

Solid alkylketene dimers were introduced in the 1950s as hydrophobizing agents for cellulose-based products. They were followed in the 1960s by liquid alkenyl succinic anhydrides. Both compound classes are hydrophobic and therefore virtually insoluble in water - the solubility of the commonly used iso-octadecenylsuccinic anhydride is only 5.33x10−5 mgl−1. ASA are less hydrophobic and thus less water repellent than AKD because of their shorter chain length. Their vapor pressure is higher than that of AKD, allowing them to diffuse faster into and through the paper layer. However, they also tend to form deposits on machine covers. AKD are at room temperature aqueous dispersions, while ASA are oil-in-water emulsions. The main difference, however, is the much higher reactivity of the cyclic carboxylic anhydride structure in the ASA compared to the diketene structure in AKD. This is accompanied by the much faster hydrolysis in aqueous, especially alkaline media. Therefore, alkenyl succinic anhydrides can be converted into an emulsion only before the use in the paper machine, while AKD can be delivered and stored as stable emulsions.
ASA emulsions are prepared like AKD dispersions with polycations as protective colloids and retention aids and with about 1% anionic or nonionic surfactants. An optimal particle size of about 1 μm is obtained with high shear.
The benefits of ASA when used in paper sizing include:
The disadvantages of ASA are in particular:
Faster reaction and lower input quantities speak for the use of ASA, while AKD more sustainable water repellency and better adhesion in material composites with z. B. polyethylene films for water and acid-resistant beverage packaging effect. ASA are desirable, when faster reactions are needed and lower input quantities are used. In contrast, AKDs result in more sustainable water repellency and better adhesion in material composites with, for example, polyethylene films for water and acid-resistant beverage packaging.

Paper sizing with alkenyl succinic anhydrides

As with AKD, paper sizing with ASA proceeds in theory in three steps:
  1. the retention or fixation of the ASA emulsion droplets on the wet paper pulp
  2. bursting the emulsion droplets via spreading on the surface and penetration into the pulp
  3. the formation of a hydrophobic paper surface with contact angles >100° by covalent linkage of the ASA molecules with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose
Already in the 1990s, Japanese authors published studies that raised considerable doubts about this idealized representation of the hydrophobization of cellulose fiber surfaces. For example, it could be demonstrated that no or only very little ASA is bound to cellulose via covalent ester bonds. This suggests that the ASA-induced hydrophobing is rather based on an adsorptive and associative interaction of the alkenylsuccinic acids with the constituents of the paper pulp. Even small amounts and also inhomogeneous distribution are suffice for a high degree of hydrophobicity.
Enormous challenges are posed by the trend towards recycled materials paper as raw material, the rapid increase in the volume of cardboard at the expense of printing paper, the growing speeds and production quantities, the further development of ASA-based sizing agents for cellulose and its formulations. This is especially true given the still very empirical understanding of the basic processes of hydrophobing cellulose fibers.

Polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride

ASAs are related to the class of polyisobutylenylsuccinic anhydrides, known as PIBSAs. In these compounds, the alkene used is polyisobutylene. Such compounds are commonly used as reactive intermediates in the petroleum additive industry. They are reacted with ethyleneamines to give the corresponding succinimides useful as dispersants and deposit-control agents in lubricants and fuels.
There are two types of polyisobutylene used for this purpose, and they are commonly known as conventional and HR PIB. Conventional PIB is made by polymerizing Raffinate 1 that contains a mixture of C4 butenes with aluminum trichloride as catalyst. In comparison, HR PIB is made by polymerizing isobutylene using boron trifluoride as catalyst. The methyl vinylidene content of PIB controls its reactivity toward maleic anhydride. HR PIB has 85% methyl vinylidene, making it more reactive than conventional PIB that only has 10%. Being more reactive, HR PIB requires less forcing conditions for its reaction with maleic anhydride. The PIBSA produced contains less tars and side products as a result.

Literature

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