Albanian alphabet


The Albanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used to write the Albanian language. It consists of 36 letters:


Note: The vowels are shown in bold. to the pronunciation of the 36 letters.

History

The earliest known mention of Albanian writings comes from a French Catholic church document from 1332. Written either by archbishop Guillaume Adam or the monk Brocardus Monacus the report notes that Licet Albanenses aliam omnino linguam a latina habeant et diversam, tamen litteram latinam habent in usu et in omnibus suis libris. Scholars warn that this could mean Albanians also wrote in the Latin language, not necessarily just Albanian with a Latin script.
The history of the later Albanian alphabet is closely linked with the influence of religion among Albanians. The writers from the North of Albania used Latin letters under the influence of the Catholic Church, those from the South of Albania under the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others used Arabic letters under the influence of Islam. There were also attempts for an original Albanian alphabet in the period of 1750–1850. The current alphabet in use among Albanians is one of the two variants approved in the Congress of Monastir held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Monastir.

Alphabet used in early literature

The first certain document in Albanian is the "Formula e pagëzimit" , issued by Pal Engjëlli ; it was written in Latin characters. It was a simple phrase that was supposed to be used by the relatives of a dying person if they could not make it to churches during the troubled times of the Ottoman invasion.
Also, the five Albanian writers of the 16th and 17th centuries who form the core of early Albanian literature, all used a Latin alphabet for their Albanian books; this alphabet remained in use by writers in northern Albania until the beginning of the 20th century.
The Greek intellectual Anastasios Michael, in his speech to the Berlin Academy mentions an Albanian alphabet produced "recently" by Kosmas from Cyprus, bishop of Dyrrachium. It is assumed that this is the alphabet used later for the "Gospel of Elbasan". Anastasios calls Kosmas the "Cadmus of Albania".

National awakening 19th-century endeavours

In 1857 Kostandin Kristoforidhi, an Albanian scholar and translator, drafted in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, a Memorandum for the Albanian language. He then went to Malta, where he stayed until 1860 in a Protestant seminary, finishing the translation of The New Testament in the Tosk and Gheg dialects. He was helped by Nikolla Serreqi from Shkodër with the Gheg version of the New Testament. Nikolla Serreqi was also the propulsor for the use of the Latin script for the translation of the New Testament, which had already been used by the early writers of the Albanian literature; Kristoforidhi enthusiastically embraced the idea of a Latin alphabet.
In November 1869, a Commission for the Alphabet of the Albanian Language was gathered in Istanbul. One of its members was Kostandin Kristoforidhi and the main purpose of the commission was the creation of a unique alphabet for all the Albanians. In January 1870 the commission ended its work of the standardization of the alphabet, which was mainly in Latin letters. A plan on the creation of textbooks and spread of Albanian schools was drafted. However this plan was not realized, because the Ottoman government would not finance the expenses for the establishment of such schools.
Although this commission had gathered and delivered an alphabet in 1870, the writers from the North still used the Latin-based alphabet, whereas in southern Albania writers used mostly the Greek letters. In southern Albania, the main activity of Albanian writers consisted in translating Greek Orthodox religious texts, and not in forming any kind of literature which could form a strong tradition for the use of Greek letters. As the albanologist Robert Elsie has written:
The turning point was the aftermath of the League of Prizren events when in 1879 Sami Frashëri and Naim Frashëri formed the Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings. Sami Frashëri, Koto Hoxhi, Pashko Vasa and Jani Vreto created an alphabet. This was based on the principle of "one sound one letter". This was called the "Istanbul alphabet". In 1905 this alphabet was in widespread use in all Albanian territory, North and South, including Catholic, Muslim and Orthodox areas.
One year earlier, in 1904 had been published the Albanian dictionary of Kostandin Kristoforidhi, after the author's death. The dictionary had been drafted 25 years before its publication and was written in the Greek alphabet.
The so-called Bashkimi alphabet was designed by the Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language for being written on a French typewriter and includes no diacritics other than é.

Congress of Manastir

In 1908, the Congress of Manastir was held by Albanian intellectuals in Bitola, Ottoman Empire, modern-day Republic of North Macedonia. The Congress was hosted by the Bashkimi club, and prominent delegates included Gjergj Fishta, Ndre Mjeda, Mit'hat Frashëri, Sotir Peçi, Shahin Kolonja, and Gjergj D. Qiriazi. There was much debate and the contending alphabets were Istanbul, Bashkimi and Agimi. However, the Congress was unable to make a clear decision and opted for a compromise solution of using both the widely used Istanbul, with minor changes, and a modified version of the Bashkimi alphabet. Usage of the alphabet of Istanbul declined rapidly and it was essentially extinct over the following decades.
During 1909 and 1910 there were movements by Young Turks supporters to adopt an Arabic alphabet, as they considered the Latin script to be un-Islamic. In Korçë and Gjirokastër, demonstrations took place favoring the Latin script, and in Elbasan, Muslim clerics led a demonstration for the Arabic script, telling their congregations that using the Latin script would make them infidels. In 1911, the Young Turks dropped their opposition to the Latin script; finally, the Latin Bashkimi alphabet was adopted, and is still in use today.
The modifications to the Bashkimi alphabet were made to include characters used in the Istanbul and Agimi alphabets. Ç was chosen over ch since c with cedilla could be found on every typewriter, given its use in French. Other changes were more esthetic and as a way to combine the three scripts.
Alphabetical order:123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536
IPA:
Bashkimi alphabet:A aB bTs tsCh chD dDh dhÉ éE eF fG gGh ghH hI iJ jK kL lLl llM mN nGn gnO oP pC cR rRr rrS sSh shT tTh thU uV vZ zZh zhY yX xXh xh
Istanbul alphabet:A aB bC cÇ çD dБ δE ε♇ eF fG gΓ γH hI iJ jK kL lΛ λM mN nИ ŋO oΠ pQ qR rΡ ρS sϹ σT tΘ θU uV vX xX̦ x̦Y yZ zZ̧ z̧
Manastir alphabet :A aB bC cÇ çD dDh dhE eË ëF fG gGj gjH hI iJ jK kL lLl llM mN nNj njO oP pQ qR rRr rrS sSh shT tTh thU uV vX xXh xhY yZ zZh zh

A second congress at Monastir was held in April 1910, which confirmed the decision taken in the first congress of Monastir. After Albanian independence in 1912, there were two alphabets in use. Following the events of the Balkan wars and World War I, the Bashkimi variant dominated. The Bashkimi alphabet is at the origin of the official alphabet of the Albanian language in use today.

Other alphabets used for written Albanian

The modern Latin-based Albanian alphabet is the result of long evolution. Before the creation of the unified alphabet, Albanian was written in several different alphabets, with several sub-variants:

Derived alphabets

Latin-derived alphabet
Greek-derived alphabet
Ottoman-derived alphabet
Arabic-derived alphabet
Before the standardisation of the Albanian alphabet, there were several ways of writing the sounds peculiar to Albanian, namely ⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨dh⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨gj⟩, ⟨ll⟩, ⟨nj⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨rr⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨xh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨z⟩ and ⟨zh⟩. Also, ⟨j⟩ was written in more than one way.
;⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨k⟩, and ⟨q⟩
The earliest Albanian sources were written by people educated in Italy, as a consequence, the value of the letters were similar to those of the Italian alphabet. The present-day c was written with a ⟨z⟩, and the present-day ç was written as ⟨c⟩ as late as 1895. Conversely, the present-day k was written as ⟨c⟩ until 1868. c was also written as ⟨ts⟩, ⟨tz⟩ and ⟨zz⟩. It was first written as ⟨c⟩ in 1879 by Frashëri but also in 1908 by Pekmezi. ç was also written as ⟨tz⟩, ⟨ts̄⟩, ⟨ci⟩, ⟨tš⟩, ⟨tç⟩, ⟨č⟩ and ⟨ch⟩. ç itself was first used by Frasheri.
The present-day q was variously written as ⟨ch⟩, ⟨chi⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨ky⟩, ⟨kj⟩, k with dot k with overline, k with apostrophe, and ⟨ḱ⟩. ⟨q⟩ was first used in Frashëri's Stamboll mix-alphabet in 1879 and also in the Grammaire albanaise of 1887.
;⟨dh⟩ and ⟨th⟩
The present-day dh was originally written with a character similar to the Greek xi. This was doubled to write 'th'. These characters were used as late as 1895. Leake first used ⟨dh⟩ and ⟨th⟩ in 1814. dh was also written using the Greek letter delta, while Alimi used ⟨đ⟩ and Frasheri used a ⟨d⟩ with a hook on the top stem of the letter.
;⟨ë⟩
This letter was not usually differentiated from ⟨e⟩, but when it was, it was usually done by means of diacritics: ⟨ė⟩, ⟨e̊⟩, ⟨ẹ̄⟩ or by new letters ⟨ö⟩, ⟨υ⟩, ⟨œ⟩, ⟨ε⟩ and ⟨ə⟩. Rada first used ⟨ë⟩ in 1870.
;⟨gj⟩ and ⟨g⟩
These two sounds were not usually differentiated. They were variously written as ⟨g⟩, ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨ghi⟩. When they were differentiated, g was written as ⟨g⟩ or as ⟨gh⟩, while gj was written as ⟨gi⟩, ⟨ḡ⟩, ⟨ǵ⟩, ⟨gy⟩ and a modified ⟨g⟩. The Grammaire albanaise first used gj, but it was also used by Librandi. Rada used ⟨g⟩, ⟨gh⟩, ⟨gc⟩, and ⟨gk⟩ for g, and ⟨gki⟩ for ⟨gj⟩.
;⟨h⟩
The older versions of the Albanian alphabet differentiated between two “h” sounds, one for one for the Voiceless velar fricative. The second sound was written as ⟨h⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and Greek khi ⟨χ⟩.
;⟨j⟩
This sound was most commonly written as ⟨j⟩, but some authors wrote this as ⟨y⟩.
;⟨ll⟩ and ⟨l⟩
Three “l” sounds were distinguished in older Albanian alphabets, represented by IPA as. l was written as ⟨l⟩. ll was written as ⟨λ⟩, italic ⟨l⟩, ⟨lh⟩ and ⟨ł⟩. Blanchi first used ll. was written as ⟨l⟩, ⟨li⟩, ⟨l’⟩, ⟨ĺ⟩, ⟨lh⟩, ⟨gl⟩, ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨lj⟩.
;⟨nj⟩
This sound was most commonly written as ⟨gn⟩ in Italian fashion. It was also written as italic ⟨n⟩, ⟨n̄⟩, ⟨ń⟩, ⟨ṅ⟩, ⟨ñ⟩. The Grammaire albanaise first used nj.
;⟨rr⟩
Blanchi first used ⟨rr⟩ to represent this sound. However, also used were Greek rho , ⟨ṙ⟩, ⟨rh⟩, ⟨r̄⟩, ⟨r̀⟩ and ⟨p⟩.
;⟨sh⟩ and ⟨s⟩
These two sounds were not consistently differentiated in the earliest versions of the Albanian alphabet. When they were differentiated, s was represented by ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩, while sh was represented by ⟨sc⟩, ⟨ſc⟩, ⟨s̄⟩, ⟨ç⟩ and ⟨š⟩. sh was first used by Rada in 1866.
;⟨x⟩
Frasheri first used ⟨x⟩ to represent this sound. Formerly, it was written variously as ⟨ds⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨z⟩, and ⟨zh⟩.
;⟨xh⟩
The Grammaire albanaise first used ⟨xh⟩. Formerly, it was written variously as ⟨gi⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨dš⟩, ⟨dž⟩, ⟨x⟩ and ⟨zh⟩.
;⟨y⟩
This sound was written as ⟨y⟩ in 1828. Formerly it was written as ȣ, italic ⟨u⟩, ⟨ü⟩, ⟨ṳ⟩, and ⟨ε⟩.
;⟨z⟩
Leake first used ⟨z⟩ to represent this sound in 1814. Formerly, it was written variously as a backward 3, Greek zeta , ⟨x⟩ and a symbol similar to ⟨p⟩.
;⟨zh⟩
This sound was variously written as an overlined ζ, ⟨sg⟩, ⟨ž⟩, ⟨j⟩, underdotted z, ⟨xh⟩, ⟨zc⟩. It was also written with a backward 3 in combination: 3gh and 3c.

Older versions of the alphabet in Greek characters

in Greece used the altered Greek alphabet to write in Albanian.

Older versions of the alphabet in Cyrillic characters

Modern Latin:abcçddheëfggjhijklllmnnjngopqrrrsshtthuvxxhyzzhjejujasht
Cyrillic:абцчдδеъфггї, гј, ђхї, иѣ, јкл, љлмнњнгопкї, ћрррсштѳувдсџју, ӱзжѣе, јеѣу, јуѣа, јащ, шт
Alternate:абцчдҙеәфгѓхийклљмнњңопќрр̌сштҫувѕџүзжєюящ

Sample of Albanian language text, written in Cyrillic characters. From the book .

Footnotes

Gallery