Agriculture in Lebanon


Agriculture in Lebanon is the third most productive sector in the country after the tertiary and industrial sectors. It contributes 3.6% to GDP and employs around 4% of the active working population. Main crops include cereals, fruits and vegetables, olives, grapes, and tobacco, along with sheep and goat herding. Mineral resources are limited and are only exploited for domestic consumption. Lebanon, which has a variety of agricultural lands, from the interior plateau of the Beqaa Valley to the narrow valleys leading downward to the sea, enables farmers to grow both European and tropical crops. Tobacco and figs are grown in the south, citrus fruits and bananas along the coast, olives in the north and around the Shouf Mountains, and fruits and vegetables in the Beqaa Valley. More exotic crops include avocados, grown near Byblos, and hashish.
Lebanon's agriculture, which offers fertile land, landscaped terraces, and fresh and healthy produce, faces several challenges in recent years. Improper agricultural practices leading to soil erosion and impoverishment, depletion of underground water resources, water pollution and health impacts from inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers, and environmental pollution from haphazard dumping of slaughter waste and animal farms are from the main problems of this sector. Agriculture is also diminishing to rampant urbanization, such as in the coastal plains and in parts of the Beqaa Valley. The government's policies appear to be targeting the increase in the availability of water irrigation and controlling the use of pesticides, with no or little investment or incentives for water- and soil-conserving irrigation techniques. The private sector is gradually taking advantage of new but small scale opportunities offered by organic farming and high-value agricultural produce.

History

Agriculture in Lebanon dates back to Phoenician times with the first trading activities taking place in the eastern Mediterranean. The wine making tradition, which has a 5,000 years of history in the region was a known skill for its ancient dwellers. The Phoenicians tended vineyards, made wine and exported a significant amount to neighboring countries such as Egypt, Greece and Assyria. Although the trading activity was active in that period, however agriculture was not their main source of wealth because most of the land was not arable; therefore, they focused on commerce and trading instead. They did, however, raise sheep and sell them and their wool.
During the Arab rule, in the Middle ages, the country enjoyed an economic boom in which the Lebanese harbors of Tyre and Tripoli were busy with shipping of industrial and agricultural products. Lebanese products were sought after not only in Arab countries but also throughout the Mediterranean Basin. This period of economic growth was later oppressed with the beginning of the Ottoman rule and the high taxes imposed on the Lebanese production.
in the 19th century. In that period, even the capital had a significant portion of agricultural land, along with the bordering rural regions.
In the first half of the 20th century, Lebanon had regained its past agricultural boom where almost one-fourth of its land had been cultivable. After the 1950s and the prosperous decades that followed, agriculture faced a decline with the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War and especially after the Israeli invasion in the early 1980s. In the latter period, the government prepared plans to irrigate an additional 60,000 hectares, and by 1984 studies were under way on 6 major irrigation projects, all designed to be carried out as part of the 1982-91 reconstruction plan. However, with the Israeli invasion came a continuous diversion of water from rivers mainly located in the south. Even in the relative calm between 1978 and 1981, about 1,100 hectares of tobacco were destroyed, 300 hectares of agricultural land were abandoned because of land mines, and 51,000 olive trees and 70,000 fruit trees were destroyed, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. By the mid-1980s Lebanon had become one of the world's most prominent narcotics trafficking centers, with the prosperous phase that it witnessed. Before 1975 much of this trade was exported by air from small airstrips in the Beqaa Valley. After the valley came under Syrian control, the drug crop left the country by sea through Christian-controlled ports to Cyprus, overland to Syria or sometimes through Israel to Egypt.
In the early 1990s, the Lebanese government and the UNDP program launched an initiative to replace drug crops with legitimate alternatives. The UNDP estimated some $300 million was required for rural development of the Beqaa. Lebanon was removed from the U.S. government's list of major drug producing countries in 1997. Nowadays, the Lebanese government is setting new agricultural policies, providing help to the local production and giving several incentives in order to increase the quality and quantity of Lebanese production.

Major agricultural products

Lebanon produces a variety of primary products for both export and domestic consumption. Lebanese agricultural exports are mainly concentrated in the Arab League countries. In 2003, exported commodities had an approximate amount of 350,000 metric tons to the surrounding region with potatoes being the most growing vegetable. Other regions that import Lebanese agricultural products include the North American countries mainly USA which imports products such as almonds, apricots, beans, cucumbers and gherkins, nuts edible and orange juice along with other EU members. This table includes the top ten Lebanese exported agricultural products for the year 2004:
CommodityQuantity Value Unit Value
1Maize290,53048,538167
2Tobacco leaves9,26021,9812,374
3Apples39,79520,640519
4Potatoes45,7548,311182
5Beverages Non-alcoholic18,6507,980428
6Prepared Vegetables6,7197,3411,093
7Wine1,4337,1935,020
8Prepared Nuts3,8117,1151,867
9Sugar confectionery2,2557,0753,137
10Pastry3,6165,5451,533

Lebanon produces crops in five major categories: cereals, fruits, olives, industrial crops, and vegetables. Fruit and olive trees occupy 45% of the total cultivated area, and have increased by about 230,000 m2 in the past 10 years. The area covered by greenhouse production has also significantly increased over the past years, from 6,700 m2 in the late 1980s to almost 50,000 m2 in 1999. Agricultural production in greenhouses is more intensive than in open fields and requires more agro-chemicals. Agricultural production is concentrated in the Beqaa, which accounts for 42% of total cultivated land. The Beqaa hosts 62% of the total area used for industrial crops and 57% of the total area used for cereal production. The North host 40% the area used for olive production in the country. Fruit trees cover 24% of the total cultivated area. This table lists the land used for major types of crops by Governorates for year 1999: Lebanon also produces cannabis for medical use.
GovernorateCerealsFruit TreesOlivesIndustrial cropsVegetables
Mount Lebanon3,14097,82077,6781,61331,100
North120,380135,685209,62837,769128,584
Beqaa297,737217,57031,443153,232259,743
South37,638123,30489,34014,62520,753
Nabatieh59,52520,768116,12440,02612,141
Total518,420595,147524,213247,265452,321

Livestock

production in Lebanon is an important activity, particularly in mountainous areas and in the Baalbek-Hermel area on the eastern mountain chain where soil fertility is relatively low. While the number of goats have been relatively stable for more than two decades, sheep production has increased sharply. In recent years, livestock production has relied increasingly on feed blocks and feed supplements, thereby reducing dependence on wild grazing and ultimately leading to more sedentary animal production. Bovines and dairy production is becoming increasingly popular. In the past five years, several medium-to large-scale dairy farms have been established in the North and in the Beqaa. Several grant and loan agreements have encouraged farmers to expand dairy production. The table shows the evolution of livestock production from 1980 to 1999:
Category19801999Variation
Cows55,61275,874+ 36
Sheep145,068378,050+ 160
Goats444,448435,965- 2
Total645,128889,889+ 38

Horticulture

Lebanon produces a variety of fruits and vegetables. The largest crops include potatoes, oranges, apples and grapes. Exotic crops include avocados mainly in north Mount Lebanon and hashish in the Beqaa valley.
Horticulture has traditionally provided the Lebanese with all their fresh fruit and vegetable needs, with a smaller export industry. However, loosened border controls and increasing imports have threatened local industries. In recent years governmental projects such as Export Plus have put into action the encouragement of local fruits and vegetables production, quality control and investment incentives for farmers in order to boost their produce and raise the level of the Lebanese horticulture industry. The tables below show the exported quantities of major crops which include potatoes, apples and grapes, from 2002 to 2005:
YearPotatoAppleGrape
2002130,57018,80517,321
2003108,52727,88332,387
2004144,70255,33728,904
2005106,01250,3579,120

Viticulture

Viticulture in Lebanon, which is considered a thriving industry nowadays, is mainly concentrated in the Beqaa Valley with wineries producing an annual amount of approximately 600,000 cases of wine. Wineries like Château Ksara, Château Kefraya, Chateau Musar and Massaya grow French wine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Rhone varietals such as Cinsaut, Carignan and Grenache, along with some indigenous grapes like the Musar White, a blend of Obaideh and Merwah. Lebanese wine has an export success, with many wineries exporting over 50% of their production – and in the case of smaller wineries, as much as 90%. Exports cover several European and North American countries, France's Lebanese wine imports for example had 7% of the top 5 imports between the two countries' bilateral trade in 2005.

Dairy

In recent statistics from the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture, there were 80,000 cattle, including 65,000 dairy cows, 350,000 sheep, including 315,000 milk sheep, and 450,000 goats, including 400,000 dairy goats. Of the dairy cows, 40% are of the local breed, 26% are purebred Friesian imported from Germany and Holland and 34% are crosses between Baladi and Canadian Holstein. The Friesian and the crossbred Holsteins have a generally good milk production and are kept, for the most part, on small farms, with an average of five cows per farm. The majority of the sheep are Awassi and goats are local Baladi. Both are kept in extensive and semi-sedentary systems, where productivity is low. The value of exported dairy products have been diminishing in recent years except for cheese which has gained a significant rise in its value. This table shows the variations in value of Lebanese exports from 2001 to 2004:
Product GroupValue 2001Value 2002Value 2003Value 2004
Milk & cream and milk products other than butter or cheese1,189538746594
Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk4738528976
Cheese and Curd4437021,8002,049

Fishing

In a 1999 report done by the "Regional Socio-Economic Development Program for South Lebanon" indications reveal that Lebanon has 3,000 to 4,000 fishermen. Annual fish production in 1996 doubled in average over a phase of ten years, with production amounting to 4,485 tonnes. Fishing in rivers has relatively small importance in Lebanon with productions significantly taking place in the Lake Qaraoun and other rivers such as the Litani and Nahr Ibrahim.
While sea fish production in Lebanon is compared to that of neighboring countries on a km of coastline basis, freshwater fish production continues to lag behind. Absence of sea fish breeding along the coast due to strong coastal currents have been substituted by offshore fishing of pelagic fish using draglines. This type of fishing has become trendy in the past decade, mostly among sports amateurs equipped with motor speedboats.

Governance

Agriculture is a state responsibility in Lebanon, where the ministry of agriculture is involved in setting agricultural policies and regulations. In the 1990s, the Lebanese government has awarded 89 contracts in the agricultural sector worth a total of US$13.6 million and an additional 46 projects in the irrigation sector, worth US$51.8 million. Contracts include consultancy and design, as well as works and equipment supply. Capital investment in the agricultural sector includes the rehabilitation of the Ministry of Agriculture, land reclamation projects, as well as the rehabilitation of agricultural schools and research stations. The agricultural sector is struggling to survive in a competitive regional market. Through loans and grant agreements, the government has implemented large-scale irrigation projects and has taken steps to ban a long list of hazardous pesticides. However, there are many problems facing the agricultural development with effective extension programs, use of water-conserving irrigation techniques, and rational use of agro-chemicals still scant or localized.

Key Policies and Actions

  1. Provided assistance, either financial or technical, to 1407 farmers.
  2. Reclaimed 756 hectares of abandoned lands.
  3. Supported the construction of several earth-lined hill lakes and cement reservoirs.
  4. Terraced approximately 16,000 hectares. This is equivalent to 6.3% of the total surface area currently under cultivation.
In September 1995, Lebanon through the Ministry of Agriculture signed the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Lebanon has requested assistance from the United Nations Development Programme and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation to support the implementation of the Convention and to establish a National Action Programme for Combating Desertification which was launched in June 2003. The NAP project has four immediate goals:
  1. Promotion of Innovative Trade Initiatives Promoted to Increase Market Opportunities for Dryland Products
  2. Sub-national and Local Level NAP Priority Projects Implemented
  3. Developing a National Resource Mobilization Strategy for UNCCD/NAP Implementation
  4. Flood Risk Management and Water Harvesting for Livelihood Recovery in Baalback-Hermel