Lake Qaraoun
Lake Qaraoun is an artificial lake or reservoir located in the southern region of the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. It was created near Qaraoun village in 1959 by building a concrete-faced rockfill dam in the middle reaches of the Litani River. The reservoir has been used for hydropower generation, domestic water supply, and for irrigation of.
The annual surface water flow in the Litani River received at Lake Qaraoun is. This flow is used for generating hydroelectric power of 600 GWh at three hydroelectric power stations at Markaba, Awali and Jun with the total installed capacity of. During the dry season, of water is diverted from Markaba power station to meet the needs of the Kassmieh irrigation project.
The lake is a habitat for some 20,000 migratory birds which visit it annually.
Geography
Note 420 million cubic meters is approximately 15 billion cubic feet or approximately 340,000 acre feet.The upper Litani River, where the artificial lake or reservoir has been created with the dam at elevation of about, is in the inland region of the Beqaa Valley, whose elevation range generally lies between, with mountain peaks raising as high as.
The Litani River drains the southern end of the Beqaa Valley plains, crossing the southern periphery of the Mount Lebanon range and discharging into the sea north of Tyre, after traversing a length of entirely in Lebanon. The hydrographical system of Lebanon consisting of 40 major streams is typecast into five regions, which includes the Litani River Basin formed by the Litani River in its eastern and southern part, with the river debouching into the sea at the southwestern end. The basin has a total catchment area of, which forms 20% area of the country, with about intercepted at Lake Qaraoun by El Wauroun Dam for providing various benefits. The artificial lake is created across the Litani River in its middle reaches. Litani River is the longest river in Lebanon at the southern end of the Beqaa valley.
The Litani River, which lies entirely within the territory of Lebanon rises near the historic city of Baalbek and flows through for before it outlets into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the 40 major streams in Lebanon and is the longest from the source to the Mediterranean Sea.
The land on the periphery of the reservoir consists of agricultural lands on the eastern side where arable crops and olive orchards are seen. Grazing of sheep and goats is also noted. On the steep sloping western periphery of the lake there are fruit orchards and pasture land for grazing.
Geology
The geological formation at the dam axis and the reservoir consists of limestone, chalky marl, and alluvial deposits with semi karstic and karstic limestones both upstream of the reservoir area and along the dam axis. Marl in the reservoir area has low permeability.Climate
The climate in the catchment of the reservoir is of continental type with 90% of rainfall occurring between November and April, with January experiencing the maximum precipitation. Snowfall is experienced at elevation above. The rainfall incidence in the Beqaa Valley, which widely varies spatially and temporally, is an annual average of in the mountainous region of the upper valley to a low of in the south in the coastal region. However, the average annual rainfall is in the catchment area of about at the reservoir carted at the dam.Water resources
According to water balance studies carried out for the Litani River, the total inflow of the river at the reservoir location has been assessed as per year, of which 60% is accounted towards aquifer recharge and evapotranspiration. Of the balance of per year of surface water, per year is used for various uses by pumping before the flow reaches the dam. Thus, the flow of is available at the reservoir, in an average year. Based on precipitation data, the total annual flow could be as high as. The average annual flow received at the reservoir is utilised through the dam created at the site and diverting it through a series of tunnels and ponds to generate 600 GWh of energy at three hydroelectric power stations located at Markaba, Awali and Jun. The planning done in the 1950s at the time of building the dam and the Qaraoun reservoir envisaged utilization of head available between the dam and the Mediterranean Sea through the three power stations. The river outlet at the end of the cascade of power plants is now to the north of its original outlet. It is also utilised for providing irrigation benefits by diverting per year of water from a channel of the Markaba power station for the Kassmieh Irrigation Project.As result of this development the hydrological regime of the Litani River has been divided into two zones. The basin above the lake is known as the Upper Litani Basin, and that below the lake is called Litani's lower reaches.
Reservoir
The Qaraoun reservoir or lake created by El Wauroun Dam on the Litani River has a water spread area of. It is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon, located in the southern part of the fertile Beqaa Valley, with a total capacity of about and effective storage of. The power generation is a primary benefit, which meets about 7%–10% of the power requirements in Lebanon. However, the stored waters also provide irrigation benefits with flows of, as 110 million cubic metres is used in South Lebanon and 30 million cubic metres in Beqaa, while is used for domestic water supply in the Southern Lebanon. Controlled reservoir operation also provides flood-control benefits and prevention of water logging in an area of about.During 1999–2000, the water quality of the reservoir has been investigated from 16 sampling points on the river and its tributaries, by the Ministry of Environment and the Litani River Authority as a part of an exercise to evolve management plan for the Litani River and Lake Qaroun's catchment. It has been noted that seven sewer networks drain directly into the river. Untreated sewage from the towns of Baalbek, Houch el Rafqa, Qaa er Rim, Zahle, Chtoura, Qabb Elias, Bar Elias, Joub Jannine and Qaraoun flow into the Litani River or its tributaries, apart from industrial effluents many factories related to manufacture of sugar, paper, lead, limestone crushers, agro-industries and also from poultry farms, tanneries and slaughterhouses. The pollution is noted by the high recorded values of BOD5 and nitrates in the Litani River.
The vegetation in the periphery of the lake consists of woodland, orchards, and low-growing scrub. During water-level variations in the lake, as the stored water is utilised for various beneficial uses, no submerged or emergent vegetation have been noticed. When the water level is at its lowest in the lake, a steppe-like land slope has been noticed with low vegetation of rocky shingle terrain where flocks of larks and lapwings are seen.
The bird life in the reservoir area is very notable, as 20,000 migratory birds of species of raptors, storks, pelicans and others species of birds have been sighted. The ferruginous duck, pallid harrier, greater spotted eagle, eastern imperial eagle and sociable lapwing are some of the birds which are of conservation concern, according to the 2008 IUCN Red List.
El Qaroun Dam
The El Wauroun Dam, built in the middle reaches of the Litani River, has created an artificial lake at with water-spread area of. It is situated about downstream of the historic city of Baalbek. The dam had been under planning since 1964. The Qaraoun village transferred a land area of for building the dam. The dam, which created the artificial lake or reservoir, is the largest dam built in Lebanon for multipurpose uses of hydropower generation, irrigation of, and drinking-water supply. It is a concrete-faced rockfill dam of height built with crest level at elevation, with a dam length of, over karstic limestone formations. The reservoir has a storage capacity of at a maximum pond elevation of. The High Flood Level in the reservoir is, where the area of the lake is. The average water level for power generation is, with the lowest level or the minimum draw-down level as.The dam's upstream face is a concrete face of area, with thickness of concrete face varying from at the bottom to at the top. The spillway of the dam is designed for an inflow flood discharge of. The reservoir has a storage capacity of at maximum pond elevation of.