1966 Pacific typhoon season
The 1966 Pacific typhoon season was an active season, with many tropical cyclones having severe impacts in China, Japan, and the Philippines. Overall, there were 49 tropical depressions declared officially or unofficially, of which 30 officially became named storms; of those, 20 reached typhoon status, while 3 further became super typhoons by having winds of at least 240 km/h. Throughout the year, storms were responsible for at least 997 fatalities and $377.6 million in damage; however, a complete record of their effects is unavailable.
It is widely accepted that wind estimates in the Western North Pacific during the reconnaissance era prior to 1988 are subject to great error. In many cases, intensities were grossly overestimated due to a combination inadequate technology and a lesser understanding of the mechanics behind tropical cyclones as compared to the present day. Additionally, methodologies for obtaining wind estimates have changed over the decades and is not the same today as in 1966. A joint reanalysis of typhoons from 1966–1987 was conducted by the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere at Colorado State University and the United States Naval Research Laboratory in 2006 to correct some of these errors. Many storms in 1966 received strength reductions as a result of this study; however, the results of the research have not been implemented into the official database. Notably the number of major typhoons, Category 3 equivalent or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, was reduced from eight to six, including the removal of a Category 5.
The western Pacific basin covers the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1966 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The Japan Meteorological Agency also monitored systems in the basin; however, it was not recognized as the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center until 1968. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, which can result in the same storm having two names; in these cases both storm names are given below, with the PAGASA name in parentheses.
Systems
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from:04/05/1966 till:05/05/1966 color:TD text:"Bising"
from:10/05/1966 till:22/05/1966 color:C4 text:"Irma"
from:21/05/1966 till:31/05/1966 color:C2 text:"Judy"
from:20/06/1966 till:29/06/1966 color:C5 text:"Kit"
from:08/07/1966 till:14/07/1966 color:TS text:"Lola"
from:14/07/1966 till:18/07/1966 color:C2 text:"Mamie"
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from:20/07/1966 till:30/07/1966 color:TD text:"Norming"
from:22/07/1966 till:28/07/1966 color:C2 text:"Ora"
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from:01/08/1966 till:12/08/1966 color:C1 text:"Rita"
from:02/08/1966 till:06/08/1966 color:TS text:"Unnamed"
from:10/08/1966 till:20/08/1966 color:C2 text:"Tess"
from:12/08/1966 till:18/08/1966 color:C1 text:"Susan"
from:18/08/1966 till:22/08/1966 color:C2 text:"Viola"
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from:21/08/1966 till:31/08/1966 color:TS text:"Betty"
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from:24/08/1966 till:04/09/1966 color:C4 text:"Alice"
from:28/08/1966 till:07/09/1966 color:C5 text:"Cora"
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from:31/08/1966 till:09/09/1966 color:TD text:"20W"
from:04/09/1966 till:10/09/1966 color:TS text:"Doris"
from:08/09/1966 till:17/09/1966 color:C4 text:"Elsie"
from:09/09/1966 till:19/09/1966 color:C1 text:"Flossie"
from:10/09/1966 till:14/09/1966 color:TD text:"TS"
from:10/09/1966 till:12/09/1966 color:TD text:"22W"
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from:18/09/1966 till:29/09/1966 color:C2 text:"June"
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from:22/09/1966 till:25/09/1966 color:C3 text:"Ida"
from:29/09/1966 till:04/10/1966 color:TS text:"TS"
from:06/10/1966 till:20/10/1966 color:C3 text:"Kathy"
from:09/10/1966 till:12/10/1966 color:TD text:"30W"
from:20/10/1966 till:23/10/1966 color:TD text:"TD"
from:21/10/1966 till:25/10/1966 color:TD text:"31W"
from:26/10/1966 till:04/11/1966 color:TS text:"Lorna"
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from:28/10/1966 till:03/11/1966 color:TD text:"34W"
from:29/10/1966 till:04/11/1966 color:C3 text:"Marie"
from:09/11/1966 till:12/11/1966 color:TD text:"TD"
from:11/11/1966 till:12/11/1966 color:TD text:"35W"
from:17/11/1966 till:26/11/1966 color:TS text:"Nancy"
from:21/11/1966 till:25/11/1966 color:TS text:"Olga"
from:27/11/1966 till:01/12/1966 color:TD text:"TD"
from:15/12/1966 till:19/12/1966 color:TD text:"38W"
from:24/12/1966 till:31/12/1966 color:C2 text:"Pamela"
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from:01/09/1966 till:01/10/1966 text:September
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Typhoon Hester (Atang)
Typhoon Irma (Klaring)
115 mph Typhoon Irma hit the eastern Samar on May 15. It weakened over the island, but re-intensified rapidly to a 140 mph typhoon in the Sibuyan Sea before hitting Mindoro on the 17th. After weakening to a tropical storm, Irma turned northward to hit western Luzon as a 95 mph typhoon on the 19th. It accelerated to the northeast, and became extratropical on the 22nd. The extratropical remnant raced northeast before abruptly slowing on May 23 well to the east of Japan. During that time, it temporarily turned north while moving erratically. The system later acquired a general eastward track by May 26 and accelerated once more before dissipating near the International Dateline on May 29.Severe damage took place across the Philippines, with Leyte suffering the brunt of Irma's impact. Twenty people lost their lives across the country. Preliminary reports indicated that Tacloban incurred $2.5 million in damage. A gasoline explosion near Manila that killed 12 people and injured 18 others was partially attributed to the typhoon.
On May 17, the 740 ton vessel Pioneer Cebu sailed directly into the storm over the Visayan Sea off the coast of Malapascua Island after ignoring warnings to remain at port. Carrying 262 people, the ship struck a reef while battling rough seas in the typhoon. Passengers began abandoning the sinking vessel soon thereafter under the captain's orders while message about the ship's sinking was relayed by the radio operator. A large wave then struck the ship on its side, capsizing and submerging it entirely. Of the passengers and crew, 122 went down with the ship, including captain Floro Yap, while 140 managed to escape. Rescue operations lasted nearly two days, with many of the survivors being stranded in shark infested waters for upwards of 40 hours. Of the survivors, 130 were picked up by a rescue ship while 10 others were found on nearby islands. Only five bodies were recovered in the area while the rest were presumed to be lost with the ship in an area referred to as the "graveyard of ships." A trading vessel, the Banca Alex, also sank off the coast of Cebu with 80 people aboard; 60 were later rescued while 20 others were never found.
Typhoon Judy (Deling)
Southern Taiwan bore the brunt of Judy's impact, with gusts in the region reaching 120 km/h. The high winds cut electricity throughout the port of Kaohsiung. Rainfall on the island peaked at. A total of 18 people lost their lives while 14 were injured across the island. More than 1,000 homes sustained damage, of which 363 homes were destroyed. The banana crop suffered extensive damage in southern Taiwan, with two provinces reporting 70 percent lost. Total losses to the crop reached $25 million. Total damage amounted to NT$373.5 million. While over the South China Sea, a U.S. Navy aircraft with four crewmen crashed in the storm. A four-day search-and-rescue mission found no trace of the men.Super Typhoon Kit (Emang)
The incipient disturbance that became Super Typhoon Kit was first identified on June 20 near Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia. The JMA designated that system as a tropical depression that day as the system moved steadily westward. The JTWC followed suit with this classification on June 22 following an investigation by reconnaissance. Early the next day, the depression acquired gale-force winds and was dubbed Tropical Storm Kit. Turning to the northwest, Kit developed a 35–55 km wide eye and reached typhoon status late on June 23. Rapid intensification ensued late on June 24 into June 25; Kit's central pressure dropped 51 mbar in 18 hours from 965 mbar to 914 mbar. During this time, Kit's eye contracted to. At 06:00 UTC on June 26, the JMA estimated Kit's pressure to have abruptly dropped to 880 mbar, which would rank it among the top ten most intense tropical cyclones on record. Around this time, the JTWC estimated Kit to have attained peak winds of 315 km/h ; however, these winds are likely an overestimate. A later reconnaissance mission on June 26 reported a pressure of 912 mbar, the lowest observed in relation to the typhoon. Weakening ensued thereafter as the system accelerated to the north-northeast. Retaining typhoon strength, Kit brushed southeastern Honshu, Japan, on June 28, passing roughly 155 km east of Tokyo. The system subsequently weakened to a tropical storm and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone south of Hokkaido on June 29. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported the remnants of Kit to have dissipated the following day near northeastern Hokkaido. However, the JMA states that the system turned eastward and accelerated over the north Pacific before losing its identity on July 3 near the International Dateline.Although the center of Kit remained offshore, torrential rains and damaging winds wreaked havoc in eastern Japan. An estimated of rain fell across the region, triggering deadly landslides and floods. More than 128,000 homes were affected by flooding, of which 433 collapsed. Large stretches of roadway crumbled or were blocked by landslides. Additionally, service along the Tokyo–Osaka rail line was disrupted for 12 hours. "Hip-deep" waters also shut down Tokyo's subway system, stranding an estimated 2 million people. Throughout the country, 64 people lost their lives while a further 19 were listed missing. In the aftermath of the typhoon, 25 workers died from carbon monoxide poisoning from a portable generator while repairing a damaged irrigation tunnel near Utsunomiya.
Tropical Storm Lola (Gading)
A tropical depression formed near the Eastern Visayas on July 8 and tracked west-northwest. After crossing Luzon on July 11, the system emerged over the South China Sea and began strengthening. Reaching tropical storm intensity on July 12, Lola tracked northwest toward Hong Kong. The system attained its peak intensity the following day with winds of 110 km/h and a pressure of 992 mb. Lola subsequently made landfall near Hong Kong, where it killed one person, before rapidly dissipating over Guangzhou on July 14.Severe Tropical Storm Mamie (Iliang)
Severe Tropical Storm Nina
Severe Tropical Storm Ora (Loleng)
Tropical Storm Phyllis
Phyllis had minor effects during the Vietnam War, briefly limiting the number of bombing raids conducted by the United States due to squally weather.Typhoon Rita
On August 7, the vessel Almeria Lykes sailed into Rita and reported peak sustained winds of 175 km/h and a minimum pressure of 989.2 mb. Despite this observation, Rita is still considered a tropical storm with 110 km/h winds at that time.Typhoon Tess
Typhoon Tess produced tremendous rainfall across Taiwan, with Alishan receiving of rain, including in just 18 hours. In contrast to the magnitude of the rain, damage was fairly limited and only one person was killed. Total losses reached NT$11.9 million with 19 homes destroyed and 9 others damaged. Heavy rains also fell in mainland China with several provinces seeing several days of rain; a daily peak of was reported in Changting County. Rivers quickly over-topped their banks and flooded surrounding areas, causing widespread damage. The extent of flooding is reflected with more than 51,000 hectares of crops inundated. The Ting River crested at, which is above flood-level. Throughout the affected areas, 81 people lost their lives and another 117 were injured; 12 more were listed as missing. A total of 1,384 homes were destroyed and 8,351 sustained damage.Severe Tropical Storm Susan (Oyang)
According to the JTWC, Susan was absorbed by the nearby Typhoon Tess on August 16 while east of Taiwan. However, the JMA indicates that the system continued northward as a tropical depression and ultimately dissipated near Kyushu on August 18. As such, the operationally analyzed Tropical Depression Thirteen, which supposedly formed over the East China Sea on August 17, was actually a continuation of Susan.Typhoon Viola
Owing to the weakening before landfall, Viola caused only minor damage in Japan. Offshore, three vessels capsized amid rough seas.Severe Tropical Storm Winnie
Severe Tropical Storm Betty
Super Typhoon Alice
Super Typhoon Alice developed in the Western Pacific from a tropical wave on August 25. It moved to the north, looped to the west, and steadily strengthened to a peak of 150 mph. Alice continued to the west, hit eastern China on September 3, and dissipated the next day.Across Okinawa, Alice killed one person and caused more than $10 million in damage. Winds estimated at 175 km/h destroyed 150 homes and left 858 people homeless. North of Okinawa, 13 South Korean fishing boats sank amid rough seas; 12 people perished while 26 others were listed missing. Typhoon Alice produced a tremendous storm surge in Fujian Province, China, that caused widespread damage. Referred to as a "tsunami" in local media, the surge reportedly swept up to inland and destroyed thousands of homes, leaving an estimated 40,000 people homeless. Wind gusts up to caused significant deforestation in the region as well, with 1.7 million trees falling. Casualty statistics are unknown though believed to be significant.
Super Typhoon Cora
Typhoon Cora, which began its life on August 30, attained peak winds of 175 mph on September 5. It passed near Okinawa, causing major damage to the infrastructure on the island, but no loss of life. Cora continued to the northwest, hit northeastern China as a super typhoon on the 7th, and turned northeast to become extratropical near South Korea on the 9th.Slowly moving by the southern Ryukyu Islands, Cora battered the region for more than 30 hours. Miyako-jima suffered the brunt of the typhoon's impact; sustained winds on the island reached while gusts peaked at. This placed Cora as a greater than 1-in-100 year event in the region. Winds of least battered Miyako-jima for 13 continuous hours. Of the 11,060 homes on Miyako-jima, 1,943 were destroyed and a further 3,249 severely damaged. The majority of these were wooden structures whose structures were compromised once their roof was torn off. Steel structures also sustained considerable damage while reinforced concrete buildings fared the best. The resulting effects rendered 6,000 residents homeless. The scale of damage varied across the island with Ueno-mura suffering the most extensive losses. Of the community's 821 homes, 90.1 percent was severely damaged or destroyed. A United States Air Force radar station was destroyed on the island. On nearby Ishigaki Island, where wind gusts reached, 71 homes were destroyed while a further 139 were severely damaged. Total losses from Cora in the region reached $30 million. Despite the severity of damage, no fatalities took place and only five injuries were reported.
Wind gusts up to 130 km/h caused notable damage in Taiwan, with 17 homes destroyed and 42 more damaged. A smaller island closer to the storm reported a peak gust of. Heavy rains were generally confined to northern areas of the island, peaking at. Three people were killed during Cora's passage while seventeen others sustained injury. Additionally, 5,000 persons were evacuated. Damage amounted to NT$4.2 million. Striking Fujian Province, China, on the heels of Typhoon Alice, Cora exacerbated damage in the region. Property damage was extreme with more than 21,000 homes destroyed and nearly 63,000 more damage. An estimated 265,000 people were severely affected by the storm. A total of 269 people perished during the storm while a further 2,918 were injured; 52 people were also listed missing. Tremendous flooding occurred as a result of the rains from Alice and Cora, damaging 190,000 hectares of crops which resulted in a loss of in food production.
Typhoon Doris
Typhoon Elsie (Pitang)
Elsie's slow movement near Taiwan allowed to prolonged rainfall across the island. As a result, numerous counties saw record-breaking rains from the storm with six top-ten accumulations still holding through 2015. Yilan County saw the greatest totals from the storm with falling; this is the greatest single-storm total in the county on record. Seven people were killed in Taiwan while thirty others sustained injury. A total of 120 homes collapsed while another 121 sustained damage. The banana crop experienced heavy losses, with damage reaching $500,000. Total losses amounted to NT$60.1 million.Typhoon Flossie
Typhoon Grace
Severe Tropical Storm Helen (Ruping)
Typhoon June
Typhoon Ida
On September 21, an area of disturbed weather was noted on TIROS imagery over the open Pacific well to the east of the Mariana Islands. Following investigation by reconnaissance aircraft, the system was classified as a tropical depression the following day while situated some southwest of Tokyo, Japan. Rapid intensification soon took place as the system accelerated to the northwest. By September 23, Ida attained typhoon intensity while recon reported the formation of a elliptical eye. Turning northward, the system reached its peak intensity early on September 24 as a Category 3–equivalent typhoon with 185 km/h winds. Aircraft investigating the storm at this time reported a minimum pressure of 961 mbar ; however, the JMA lists the system's minimum pressure as 960 mb. The typhoon subsequently made landfall near Omaezaki, Shizuoka around 15:00 UTC at this strength. A testament Ida's intensity, winds atop Mt. Fuji gusted to during the storm's passage. Once onshore, rapid structural degradation and overall weakening ensued. Less than 12 hours after striking Japan, Ida emerged over the Pacific Ocean near the Tōhoku region as a 95 km/h, ill-defined tropical storm. Transition into an extratropical cyclone took place shortly thereafter, with the system ultimately dissipating several hundred kilometers east of Japan on September 26.Following Tropical Storm Helen in quick succession, Ida wrought tremendous damage across eastern Japan and was regarded as the worst to strike the nation since Typhoon Vera in 1959. The greatest loss of life occurred along the slopes of Mt. Fuji where two villages were virtually wiped out by massive mudslides. Nearly 700 landslides struck the region and were blamed for the majority of damage and loss of life. A total of 275 people perished, 43 were listed as missing, and a further 976 sustained injury. Disastrous landslides and strong winds destroyed more than 73,000 homes and damaged 56,000 more. Damage in the country exceeded $300 million, with crop losses being particularly heavy. The high winds also caused havoc among seagoing vessels, with 107 ships sinking. The 7,702 ton cargo liner, City of Wellington was grounded near Yokohama. A 10,208 ton freighter, Ever Sureness, was stranded at the mouth of the Tsurumi River. Additionally, the 24,829 ton Liberian tanker, Golar Jeanne-Marie, ran ashore near Shimizu.
Typhoon Kathy
On October 6, a tropical depression was identified near Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Tracking generally north-northeast, little development occurred over the following several days. On October 9, the system was classified as Tropical Storm Kathy. Its motion subsequently stalled and the system executed a small clockwise loop over the following three days. Kathy quickly intensified into a typhoon late on October 9, marked by the formation of a 45 km wide eye. The system reached an initial peak with winds of 150 km/h on October 10 before weakening slightly. Turning northeast on October 13, Kathy began reintensifying and achieved its peak strength the following day with winds of 185 km/h and a pressure of 947 mbar.After maintaining its peak winds for 30 hours, Kathy began to degrade. A temporary turn to the east-northeast accompanied this weakening. The system attained its secondary peak on October 18 with winds of 165 km/h over the open north Pacific. Approaching 40°N, cold air began to entrain into the typhoon's circulation by October 19. Transition into an extratropical cyclone south of the Aleutian Islands on October 20 as the system turned eastward. Hurricane-force winds and seas battered vessels in the region that day. Weakening to gale-force, the remnant cyclone later turned north on October 23 and headed toward western Canada. The system made landfall near Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, on October 24 and dissipated over land.