Tacloban


', officially the ', is a highly urbanized city in the regional center of the,. The city is autonomous from the province of Leyte, although it serves as its provincial capital. According to the, Tacloban has a population of, making it the most populous city in the Eastern Visayas. The city is located southeast from Manila.
Tacloban was briefly the capital of the Philippines under the Commonwealth Government, from 20 October 1944 to 27 February 1945. In an extensive survey conducted by the Asian Institute of Management Policy Center and released in July 2010, Tacloban ranks as the fifth most competitive city in the Philippines, and second in the emerging cities category. On 8 November 2013, the city was largely destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan, having previously suffered similar destruction and loss of life in 1897 and 1912. On 17 January 2015, Pope Francis visited Tacloban during his Papal Visit to the Philippines and held a mass at Barangay San Jose, and later he led mass of 30,000 people in front of the airport.

History

Tacloban was first known as Kankabatok, an allusion to the first inhabitants - Kabatok. They established their dwellings in the vicinity of the present day Santo Niño Church. Others who came later were Gumoda, Haraging and Huraw who erected their own settlements in nearby sites. Huraw's domain is the hill where the city hall now sits. The combined settlements acquired the name Kankabatok, meaning Kabatoks property.
The constant threat of pirates due to its lack of a natural barrier hindered the development and progress of the settlement. And so the place never figured out in the early centuries of the Spanish colonization of Leyte. When the Jesuits left in 1768, the Augustinians took over and in 1770 they established the barrio with a chapel of Tacloban under the jurisdiction of Palo. The Augustinians who came from the Province of the Holy Name of Jesus based in Cebu were also responsible in introducing the devotion to the Santo Niño becoming therefore the heavenly patron of the settlement. With the Moro raids in check, the place became a hub for commercial activity and soon after the place was renamed Tacloban becoming an independent municipality and then capital of the province of Leyte. In 1843, the Augustinians ceded the administration of the parish to the Franciscans.
The change of the name came about in this manner: Kankabatok was a favorite haunt of fishermen. They would use a bamboo contraption called a "taklub" to catch crabs, shrimps or fish. When asked where they were going, the fishermen would answer, " tarakluban", which meant the place where they used the device to catch these marine resources. Eventually, the name Tarakluban or Tacloban took prominence.
It is not known when Tacloban became a municipality because records supporting this fact were destroyed during a typhoon. It is commonly believed that Tacloban was officially proclaimed a municipality in 1770s. In 1768, Leyte and Samar were separated into two provinces, each constituting a politico-military province. Due to its strategic location, Tacloban became a vital trading point between the two provinces.
The capital of Leyte was transferred from one town to another with Tacloban as the last on 26 February 1830. The decision to make Tacloban the capital was based on the following reasons: 1) ideal location of the port and 2) well-sheltered and adequate facilities. On 20 June 1952, Tacloban was proclaimed a chartered city by virtue of Republic Act No. 760.
and President Sergio Osmeña
The arrival of Colonel Murray in 1901 made him the first military governor of Leyte. His first official act was the opening of Tacloban port to world commerce. Before World War II, Tacloban was the commercial, education, social and cultural center of the Province of Leyte. Copra and abaca were exported in large quantities. The leading institutions were: Leyte Normal School, Leyte High School, Leyte Trade School, Holy Infant Academy and Tacloban Catholic Institute.
In November 1912, a typhoon swept through the central Philippines and "practically destroyed" Tacloban. In Tacloban and Capiz on the island of Panay, the death toll was 15,000, half the population of those cities at the time.
On 25 May 1942, Japanese forces landed in Tacloban, signalling the beginning of their two-year occupation of Leyte. They fortified the city and improved its airfield. Since San Pedro Bay was ideal for larger vessels, the Japanese Imperial Naval Forces made Tacloban a port of call and entry. This time was considered the darkest in the history of Tacloban and the country due to the incidences of torture among civilians, including the elderly. In response, guerrilla groups operated in Leyte - the most notable of which was the group of Ruperto Kangleon.
Leyte was the first to be liberated by the combined Filipino and American troops. General Douglas MacArthur's assault troops landed in the Tacloban and Palo beaches and in the neighboring town of Dulag on 20 October 1944. These landings signaled the eventual victory of the Filipino and American forces and the fulfillment of MacArthur's famous promise: "I Shall Return."
Three days later, on 23 October, at a ceremony at the Capitol Building in Tacloban, MacArthur, accompanied by President Sergio Osmeña, made Tacloban the temporary seat of the Commonwealth Government and temporary capital of the Philippines until the complete liberation of the country. The provincial government of Leyte and the municipal government of Tacloban were re-established.
Paulo Jaro was the Liberation mayor of Tacloban. The first mayor of this capital upon inauguration of the Philippine Republic was Epifanio Aguirre.
On 8 January 1960 MacArthur made his "sentimental" journey to Leyte. He was greeted with cheers by locals when he visited Tacloban.
The city was proclaimed as a highly urbanized city by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on 4 October 2008 and ratified by the people on 18 December 2008. Tacloban was officially declared an HUC at 10:40PM of that day.

2013 Typhoon Haiyan

On 8 November 2013, Tacloban was hit by the full force of Typhoon Haiyan, causing massive destruction across the city. Dead bodies were scattered on the streets, trees were uprooted, and a storm surge largely destroyed the airport, though it functioned soon after as a makeshift command and evacuation center. After taking a helicopter flight over the city, US Marine Brigadier General Paul Kennedy was quoted as saying, "I don't believe there is a single structure that is not destroyed or severely damaged in some way – every single building, every single house." Widespread looting and violence is reported to have taken place and local government virtually collapsed, as many city officials were victims. President Aquino declared a state of emergency in Tacloban. The official final death toll stood at 6,201.

2015 Papal visit

On 17 January 2015, Pope Francis, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, arrived in Tacloban to celebrate Mass with the survivors of Haiyan . The pope arrived at Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport on a flight operated by Philippine Airlines.

Geography

Tacloban is located on the northeastern tip of Leyte island, with its easternmost part facing Cancabato Bay. The bay is at the east mouth of San Juanico Strait. The Tacloban territory follows the length of the strait, along with Babatngon municipality north of the city. The strait divides the islands of Leyte and Samar.

Barangays

The City of Tacloban is subdivided into 138 barangays, each having its own council.
NumberName
1Libertad
2Jones
3Upper Nula-Tula
4Libertad
5T. Claudio
5-AT. Claudio
6
6-ASto. Nino
7
8T. Claudio
8-A
12GE Palanog
13Salazar/J. Romualdez
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21P. Burgos
22
23
23-A
24
25
26P.Gomez
27
28
29P.Gomez
30
31
32
33
34Real
35
35-A
36Sabang
36-ASabang
37Sea Wall
37-AG.E. Palanog Gawad Kalinga Village
38Calvary Hill
39Calvary Hill
40Calvary Hill
41Calvary Hill
42-AQuarry District
42-BQuarry District
43-AQuarry District
43-BQuarry District
44-AQuarry District
44-BQuarry District
45
46Imelda/Juan Luna
47
48-A
48-B
49Youngfield
50
50-A
50-B
51
51-A
52Lucban Magallanes
53Magallanes
54Magallanes
54-AMagallanes
55El Reposo
56El Reposo
56-AEl Reposo
57Whitelane Sampaguita
58
59Sagkahan Picas
59-ASampaguita
59-BSampaguita
59-ESagkahan Picas
60Sagkahan Aslum
60-ASagkahan
61Sagkahan
62Sagkahan Saging
62-ASagkahan Ilong
62-BSagkahan Picas
63Sagkahan Mangga
64Sagkahan Bliss
65
66Anibong
66-AAnibong
67Anibong
68Anibong
69Anibong, Happy Land
70Anibong, Rawis
71Naga-naga
72PHHC Seaside
73PHHC Mountainside
74Lower Nula-Tula
75Fatima Village
76Fatima Village
77Fatima Village
78Marasbaras
79Marasbaras
80Marasbaras
81Marasbaras
82Marasbaras
83Paraiso
83-ABurayan
83-BSan Jose, Cogon
83-CSan Jose
84San Jose
85San Jose
86San Jose
87San Jose
88San Jose
89San Jose, Baybay
90San Jose
91Abucay
92Apitong
93Bagacay
94Tigbao
94-ABasper
95Caibaan
95-ACaibaan
96Calanipawan
97Cabalawan
98Camansinay
99Diit
100San Roque
101New Kawayan
102Kawayan
103Palanog
103-ASan Paglaum
104Salvacion
105Suhi
106Santo. Niño
107Santa Elena
108Tagapuro
109V&G Subdivision
109-AV&G Subdivision
110Utap

Climate

Tacloban has a tropical rainforest climate but due to the numerous cyclones present in the area, the climate is not equatorial. Tropical rainforest climates are tropical climates in which there is no dry season - all months have mean precipitation values of at least. Tropical rainforest climates have no pronounced summer or winter; it is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent. One day in an equatorial climate can be very similar to the next, while the change in temperature between day and night may be larger than the average change in temperature between "summer" and "winter".
The average high temperature for the year in Tacloban is. The warmest month on average is May with an average daytime temperature of. The coolest month on average is January and February, with an average temperature of.
The highest recorded temperature was, recorded on April 6, 1924 and in August. The lowest recorded temperature in Tacloban is which was recorded in December.
The average rainfall for the year is, with the most rainfall on average in December with and the least on average in April with.

Demographics

According to the 2015 census, Tacloban has a population of 242,089 inhabitants.
Tacloban is predominantly a Waray-speaking city. The language is also officially called Lineyte-Samarnon and spoken by more than 90% of the total city population. Waray-Waray, aside from being the native language of the city, is also the lingua franca used in the city among Filipinos of various ethnic groups.
Tacloban is culturally and linguistically diverse. A decade before the end of Spanish sovereignty, it was largely a typical colonial community: most of its residents were either pure Iberian families or the new generations of Spanish-Filipino blood. Today's population consists of a mix of Spanish and Chinese mestizos, foreign expatriates and native Leyteños.
Other Filipino ethnic groups who migrated in the city are Cebuano/Kana/Visayan speaking populace accounts 6.08% of the total population, 0.80% are Tagalog, 0.10% are Ilocano, 0.07% are Kapampangan while 2.95% come from other ethnic origins.
88.52% of the residents of Tacloban City are Roman Catholic; 6.12% are Muslims ; 0.83% are of the indigenous Christian denomination, Iglesia ni Cristo; 0.94% are Evangelicals ; Baptists 0.80%; 0.49% Seventh Day Adventists. Others comprise 3.10%.

Economy

Tacloban is the economic center of Eastern Visayas, with an economy largely focused on commerce, tourism, trade, education, culture, and government in the region. Several regional broadcasters are based in the city, including ABS-CBN TV-2 Tacloban, PRTV-12 Tacloban and its regional newscasts, "TV Patrol Eastern Visayas" and "Sumat ha Dose" respectively.
Economically, Tacloban is one of the fastest growing cities in the Philippines. It has one of the lowest poverty incidence rates in the country, and is the richest local government unit in Eastern Visayas.
After its massive devastation on 8 November 2013, Tacloban is now considered as a 'start up' city, which means everything has to start back from scratch. Currently the city is experiencing a rapid economic bounce back, and is dubbed as the 'rising phoenix of the East' surviving its challenges that once made the city classified into "ground zero". The Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport also makes this city a key regional transportation hub.
In the mid-90s, Tacloban City worked out the acquisition of for its Economic Zone, which was finally realized and approved by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority, by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 1210 on 23 April 1998. The Eastern Visayas Agri-Industrial Growth Center was then officially registered as an Eco-Zone with the City Government of Tacloban as the developer/operator.

Government

The executive power of the City Government is vested in the mayor. The Sangguniang Panlungsod or the city council has the legislative power to create city ordinances. It is a unicameral body composed of ten elected councilors and certain numbers of ex officio and sectoral representatives. It is presided by the vice mayor, the mayor and the elected city councilors who are elected-at-large every three years. The current city mayor is Alfred Romualdez.
The city government ceased to be under the supervision of the provincial government after it became a Highly Urbanized City in 2008. The city is now under the direct supervision of the national government.
Tacloban City is part of the 1st District of Leyte, alongside seven other municipalities: Alangalang, Babatngon, Palo, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Tanauan, and Tolosa. The district is currently represented by Congressman Martin Romualdez.

Official seal of the city of Tacloban

The official Seal of Tacloban is the symbol of the city's identity when it became a city under Republic Act No. 760 on 20 June 1952.
The city's emblem stands for the following physical attributes and character:
The week-long celebrations peaks on 30 June, the Grand fiesta of Tacloban celebrated with the traditional turn-over ceremonies of the "Teniente" made by the immediate past Hermano Mayor to the incoming Hermano Mayor. This is accompanied by the ritual of giving the medallion containing the names of all Hermanos Pasados and the Standartes. Fireworks and grand parades mark the occasion. Every house in the city prepares a feast and opens its doors to guests and well wishers.
;Subiran Regatta: Subiran Regatta is a race of one-man native sailboats with outriggers locally called "subiran" along scenic and historic Leyte Gulf. The race is done without using a paddle but only skills and techniques to manoeuvre the sail. The Subiran Regatta is now on its 32nd year and counting. This contest is done annually on that weeklong celebration of the Tacloban City Fiesta. The race aims to preserve the art of sailing with the wind alone, and to showcase the mastery of this art by local boatmen.
;Balyuan: Organized by the Department of Tourism and the city government, this activity which only started in 1975 is supposedly a re-enactment of a purported exchange of images between Barrio Buscada of Basey and Sitio Kankabatok, now Tacloban City. A local story which only saw print in the 20th century purports that in the old days, Sitio Kankabatok was a small barrio under the jurisdiction of Basey town in Samar. During the Feast of Santo Niño, the residents of Sitio Kankabatok would borrow the bigger image of the saint from the chapel of Barrio Buscada in Basey. Santo Niño is the revered patron saint of both Kankabatok and Barrio Buscada. The image is returned promptly after the festivities. When Kankabatok grew into a barrio of its own, the local Catholic authorities decided that the bigger Santo Niño image be retained in prospering village. However, because of its highly questionable anthropological and historical basis, the story can be best understood as simply etiological. It gives witness to the cultural, ethnographical and historical relationship between the people of south Samar and the eastern seaboard of Leyte. Likewise, stories of the image missing in Buscada and turning up in Kankabatok aided to this decision of honoring this relationship. The Basey Flotilla bearing the church and government leaders goes on a fluvial procession along San Pedro Bay. A budyong call announces the sight of the flotilla off Kankabatok Bay.
;Sangyaw Festival: Sangyaw is an archaic Waray word which means to herald the news. The Sangyaw Festival was created by Imelda Marcos in the 1980s. The festival was revived in 2008 by her nephew, current city mayor Alfred Romualdez. The Sangyaw Festival invites contingents of different performing groups of various festivals in the country to compete in this side of the region. Cash prizes and trophies are at stake as the Sangyaw Festival grooms itself to be a big festival to watch out in the succeeding years.

Points of interest

Tacloban is a tourism hub and the primary gateway to Eastern Visayas. The region is world-renowned for its natural ecological beauty and diversity and for its historical significance in the Second World War.
;San Juanico Bridge: San Juanico Bridge, which is long and connects the islands of Leyte and Samar across the San Juanico Strait, is the longest bridge in the Philippines. It was not significantly damaged due to Typhoon Haiyan and therefore was one of the critical gateways for the transportation of relief goods and the evacuation of refugees.
;Santo Niño Shrine: Home of the Marcos Family, it displays the fortune and previous properties of the Philippine dictator. The shrine was severely damaged due to Typhoon Haiyan, and repairs are nearly complete.
;Price Mansion: The Price Mansion is an example of American colonial homes built in the Philippines during the 1900s. It was the official residence and headquarters of General Douglas MacArthur during the Liberation of the Philippines period in 1944. The building was the residence of Walter Scott Price and his wife Simeona Kalingag and their children. It is now called as CAP Building located along Justice Romualdez Street.
;Santo Niño Church: The Santo Niño Church is considered the most important religious site in the province. It houses the miraculous image of Santo Niño which is the patron saint of Tacloban. The church was severely damaged due to Typhoon Haiyan. The church had to be rebuilt after Typhoon Haiyan. This was undertaken with the financial assistance of the Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation.
;Leyte Provincial Capitol: The Leyte Provincial Capitol is a neoclassical building built in 1907. Located at the corner of Sen. Enage Street and Magsaysay Boulevard, the "Capitolio" is the seat of the provincial government of Leyte. It was also the seat of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines when President Sergio Osmeña landed here in 1944 with the WWII Liberation Forces. The Capitol was damaged in 2013 by Typhoon Haiyan.
;Tacloban Metropolitan Arena: Popularly known as the "Astrodome," the Tacloban City Convention Center is a 5,000-seat indoor arena which is now the perfect location for basketball tourneys and other sporting activities, concerts and other big gatherings like the "Search for Ms. Tacloban". It also houses many bars and businesses. The arena was severely damaged by Typhoon Haiyan but still served as an evacuation center after the typhoon devastation.
;People's Center Library: The library houses a collection of books of different cultures from around the globe - USA, Europe and other countries - including French, Spanish and English literature as well as a compilation of law books. The People's Center Library is used by local students as well as researchers. It is like a Greek building that houses the collection of books such as Imelda Marcos's. It is the alleged oldest library in Tacloban and the whole Eastern Visayas.
;Balyuan Park: Balyuan Park is located at the grounds of Magsaysay Boulevard. The park was severely damaged due to Typhoon Haiyan storm surge facing the sea.
;Madonna of Japan: The Madonna of Japan serves a symbol of friendship between the Japanese and Filipinos. It is located at the Kanhuraw Hill near City Hall, facing Kankabato Bay. During the Second World War, the place became a campground for Japanese soldiers.
;Redoña Residence: The Redoña Residence was one of the remaining houses built at the turn of the 19th century. The historic mansion was a showcase of Filipino craftsmanship and architecture, but in need of serious restoration. It was the official residence of President Sergio Osmeña, Sr. in 1944, when Leyte was the seat of the Philippine government during the Liberation from the Japanese campaign until Philippine Commonwealth was re-established in Manila. On 7 March 2018, the Redoña Residence was demolished under the directives of Margarito Redoña's daughter Cristina Pablo, who cited the lack of support from the local government in the restoration of the heritage site as one instrumental reason for its demolition.

Transportation

Tacloban is served by air, multicabs, taxis, jeepneys, buses, tricycles and pedicabs. Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport has had plans to upgrade to an international airport. At present, the airport is served by four airlines that offer domestic flights to and from Manila, Cebu, Davao, and Clark. The New Transport Terminal of Tacloban City or New Bus Terminal serves as the land transportation hub to and from various points in the region.

Healthcare

As the regional center of Eastern Visayas, Tacloban offers a range of healthcare services. There are a number of hospitals and other medical institutions serving the city's population.
Tacloban has a variety of educational institutions both public and private.

Secondary schools

Public

International

Notable people