1670

January–June

• January 21 - French-born highwayman Claude Duval is executed at Tyburn, in London.
• April 29 - Pope Clement X succeeds Pope Clement IX, as the 239th pope.
• May 2 - The Hudson's Bay Company is founded in England, to operate in Canada.
• June 1 - At Dover, England, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return Charles will relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicize England, support French policy against the Dutch Republic, and convert to Catholicism himself.
• June 15 - The first stone of Fort Ricasoli is laid down in Malta.

  July–December

• July 18 - Treaty of Madrid : Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions.
• August - Spanish frigates attack Charleston, South Carolina.
• September 1-5 - William Penn and William Mead are tried in London, after a Quaker sermon.
• November 24 - Louis XIV of France authorises work to commence on the construction of Les Invalides, a veterans' hospital in Paris, France.
• December 15 - Welsh privateer in English service, Henry Morgan, recaptures Santa Catalina Island, Colombia.
• December 27 - Henry Morgan captures Fort San Lorenzo, on Panama's Caribbean coast.
• December 31 - The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.

  Date unknown

• Stenka Razin begins the rebellion of Cossacks in Ukraine.
• Niani, capital of the Mali Empire, is sacked by the Bambara people of the emerging Segou Empire.
• The first French settlers arrive on the Petite Côte, of modern-day Senegal.

  Births

• January 24 - William Congreve, English playwright
• February 25 - Maria Margarethe Kirch, German astronomer
• February 28 - Benjamin Wadsworth, American president of Harvard University
• May 8 - Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans, English soldier
• May 12 - King Frederick Augustus I of Poland
• June 22 - Eva von Buttlar, German mystic sectarian
• July 18 - Giovanni Bononcini, Italian composer
• July 19 - Richard Leveridge, English bass player, composer
• August 21 - James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French military commander
• November 15 - Bernard Mandeville, Dutch-born economic philosopher
• November 30 - John Toland, Irish philosopher
• December 4 - John Aislabie, English politician, director of the South Sea Company
• date unknown - Sultan Abdullah Khan Abdali, Persian Governor of Herat, Shah of Herat

  Deaths

• January 3 - George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, English soldier
• January 6
• * Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill, English politician
• * Charles of Sezze, Italian Franciscan friar and saint
• January 21 - Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan, French aristocrat
• January 25 - Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine
• February 9 - King Frederick III of Denmark
• February 12 - Niklaus Dachselhofer, Swiss politician
• February 17 - Elizabeth Barnard, granddaughter of William Shakespeare
• March 1 - Giovanna Maria Bonomo, beatified Italian Catholic nun
• March 2 - François-Henri Salomon de Virelade, French lawyer
• March 10
• * Johann Glauber, German chemist
• * Ludovicus a S. Carolo, French monk
• March 15 - John Davenport, Connecticut pioneer
• March 31 - Jacob Westerbaen, Dutch poet
• April - Ahom King Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha or Supangmung of Assam, India
• April 5 - Leonora Baroni, Italian singer
• April 12 - George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
• April 23 - Loreto Vittori, Italian singer and composer
• May 10 - Claude Vignon, French painter
• May 21
• * Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist
• * Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Italian painter
• May 19 - Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian Cistercian monk, church historian
• May 23 - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
• May 31 - Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble
• June 12 - Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa
• June 25 - Lorens von der Linde, Swedish field marshal
• June 27 - Thomas Bennet, successful English civil lawyer
• June 28 - Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, Dutch painter
• June 30
• * Princess Henrietta Anne Stuart of Scotland, England, and Ireland
• * Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode
• July 16 - Abraham Diepraam, Dutch painter
• August 24 - William Neile, English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society
• September 11 - Jeanne Chezard de Matel, French mystic
• September 16 - William Penn, English admiral and politician
• September 26 - Abraham Teniers, Flemish painter
• September 28 - Alexander Morus, Franco-Scottish Calvinist preacher
• August 10 - Richard Ottley, English politician
• October 3 - Sir Henry Yelverton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament
• October 27 - Vavasor Powell, Welsh non-conformist leader
• November 8 - Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince of the House of Ascania
• November 15 - Comenius, Czech writer
• November 21 - William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
• November 22 - Landgravine Sophie of Hesse-Kassel, Countess of Schaumburg-Lippe
• December 4 - Emilie of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst, Regent of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
• date unknown - Alena Arzamasskaia, Russian rebel leader